h5: "Related Stories", Not everybody has the same opportunities, resources and/or starting off points. In order for us to reach an outcome where all lives can truly matter equally, Black lives need to be protected and supported in an equitable manner. The economic growth of its population of 1.4 billion people has reshaped the distribution of wealth around the world. They are very strongly linked with the important concept that is Human Rights. showDescription: false, 11. Low investment incentives for firms. There has probably never been an individual country with a Gini coefficient as high as 0.70, while a Gini coefficient of around 0.62 is akin to the inequality levels that are found today in Honduras, Namibia, and South Africa. If your Facebook account does not have an attached e-mail address, you'll need to add that before you can sign up. Insecurity regarding property rights. It is also greater than inequality in a country that is often mentioned as an example of great disparities among the social classes, Brazil (Milanovic 2013). Soon, it will contribute to rising global inequality. Indeed, while over the last two decades global inequalities between countries have declined, income inequality has increased within most countries. True or false: the UK is the only country with an Equality Act. Striking spatial patterns such as these point to the potential importance of common social and economic histories that situate each of these regions in particular ways within global divisions of labor, commerce, politics, and cultural flows. Equity and inequality are important concepts to understand, and are even more important to implement (in the case of equity) or get rid of (in the case of inequality). \text {total cost}=\, total cost =. However, the story is more complex. Finally, people at the far right end of the graph, the richest one percent (mostly composed of citizens of industrialized countries), enjoyed high income growth rates much like those in the middle of the global income distribution. Equitability accounts for differences in backgrounds and circumstances. The world became more equal between the end of the Cold War and the 2008 global financial crisisa period often referred to as high globalization.. For example, cotton trades globally in U.S. dollars, and yet currencies in Burkina Faso and Mali are pegged to the Euro. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Here are fifteen examples: #1. }; Research in the geographical sciences extends the new economic geography (see Part I, Box 1), positing the fundamental importance of place-based influences on economic developments. contentListProps Smiths comparative research is now 20 years old, however, and we lack an adequate understanding of how recent developments are changing economic, social and political landscapes as a result of global financial instability, new global trade regimes, and environmental instability in the wake of the transition from socialist to capitalist, globalized economies in some parts of the world (cf. The inequity lies in the fact that richer countries have the resources to acquire vaccines, whereas poorer countries do not. Opponents of economic globalization often point to the ways it has widened inequality within nations in recent decades. (The horizontal axis has the poorest people on the left and the richest on the right.) The results highlighted two important cleavages: one between middle-class Asians and middle-class Westerners and one between middle-class Westerners and their richer compatriots. The Equality Act is a legislative method of managing inequality and preventing discriminatory behaviour. This might include an employer being unkind to an employee because they have complained about them or a colleague being discriminated against. Mykhenko and Swain, 2010, who provide a contemporary example of research on the links between territorial inequality, post-socialist transition, and the importation of foreign capital). Globalisation is increasing the flows of people, information and capital across the world. Views on why reducing inequality should be a top priority for the federal government differ somewhat by party. PageHeadlines, Because the big companies which encourage these enhanced flows (Transnational Corporations) often repatriate their profits. This observation should come as no surprise, since global inequality reflects the enormous differences in wealth between the world's richest and the world's poorest countries, not just the differences within them. }; Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. This is because the concept of equality does not account for the fact that individuals and groups do not necessarily come from the same backgrounds and have the same requirements. The main points of the equality act are that people cannot lawfully be treated differently on account of any of the 9 protected characteristics. According to the law, it is illegal to discriminate against an individual or group on the basis of any of the protected characteristics. How Not to Win in Great Power Competitions, Raising the Political Priority of Cybersecurity in Latin America, Paywall-free reading of new articles and a century of archives, Unlock access to iOS/Android apps to save editions for offline reading, Six issues a year in print, online, and audio editions. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Therefore, it is important to reduce this so that the quality of life of all people is higher. Try to think of a few examples of inequality and inequity that you have seen or heard about in your day-to-day life. "related-stories-plugin-headline--618714", In both comparisons, the Western middle class was on the losing end. (2005) have traced how consumers in high-income countries shape the nature of agricultural commodity chains through an examination of the globalization of soy and beef industries based in the Brazilian Amazon. You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Bassett explores how patterns of inequality across space and scale are shaped by the linkage of West African cotton farmers incomes to market liberalization; relationships between producers, workers, and consumers; and interactions between ecological and social systems. showDescription: false, ). These visualizations demonstrate how fast Internet connectivity for some people and places changes their possibilities for engaging globalization processes, with different implications for places that remain relatively disconnected. Trade openness and the spread of information and communication technologies (ICT) have increased women's access to economic opportunities and in some cases increased their wages. Much of the research on the link between globalization and inequality has focused on the global scalelooking at inequality between countries using aggregate economic indicators such as gross domestic product per capita (sometimes weighted by national population). "related-stories-content-list--618714", Equality and inequality examples Let's consider two of the major examples of equality and inequality: those related to gender and globalisation. v3Classes: "bst-container-fluid", Research in what has been termed the new economic geography is currently analyzing the spatial character of inequality by building structural models of the relations between economies of scale, transport costs, geographical remoteness from markets, and biophysical resource endowments (Krugman, 1993; Redding and Venables, 2004). contentListProps Research in the geographical sciences can help identify the patterns and processes producing inequality across the worldwithin states and at local levels. 3 How Are Climate and Other Environmental Changes Affecting the Vulnerabilities of Coupled HumanEnvironment Systems? gender equality; racial equality): for example, gender equality calls for the equal treatment of people of different genders, and racial equality calls for the equal treatment of people of all races. The recent past has also seen rapid economic globalizationcharacterized by the supranational spatial integration of economies and societies (Stiglitz, 2002). Another example of where we can use equity to achieve overall equality is in the argument of "Black lives matter" vs "all lives matter". These new datasets can be employed to produce targeted sectoral and regional analyses of understudied economic sectors (e.g., industry and energy systems in the tropics), which in turn can pave the way for research exploring the ways in which a variety of key economic sectors are influenced by global trade and. The income cut-off of the poorest 10% has increased from 260 international-$ to 480 international-% and the median income has almost doubled from 1,100 international-$ to 2,010. This is actually illegal in many countries but is still commonplace. a court case) and prosecution (e.g. The 2009 World Development Report adopts this frame of analysis to argue that three geographical dimensions of the global economy must be transformed to reduce inequality. They include more than 130 countries with detailed household-level information on incomes. Gender equality can even be as simple as acknowledging and accepting all genders. Political goals. In recent years, geographical research has yielded important insights into the social and spatial trade-offs. Inequality has been rising in a majority of countries in the rich world, but not everywhere. The COVID-19 pandemic has thrown socio-economic inequalities into . The trade and technology war between China and the United States, while perhaps understandable from a narrow U.S. strategic point of view, is fundamentally pernicious from the global point of view. During this same period, the world economy has become more integrated globally. }; Geographical research aimed at integrating economic, environmental, and social variables across place and scale can shed additional light on the impacts of market liberalization on inequality within states, at the local scale and across the globe. You can read all about how it works in our explanation of the Globalising World. by way of qualifications; skillset; abilities) and offering people the same experience as others. Market liberalization has also led to a reworking and intensification of networks of connectivity between many cities; an expanding role for transnational corporations in global production and consumption networks; and the large-scale privatization, and international ownership, of telecommunications, transport systems, and primary resource extraction in low-income countries (Dicken, 2003). To clarify, let's understand income inequality by country and globally through these examples. refers to equal opportunities for individuals and/or groups within society. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. PageHeadlines, Despite common perceptions, these two terms have distinct differences: This sounds good - right? The world economy has become more unequal over the last two centuries. When trying to demonstrate the difference between equity and equality, one image offers a particularly visual representation that captures the essence of the difference in an instant. FIGURE 8.3 City connection map that demonstrates how close other cities are to London in a virtual space of relationships based entirely on connection values. Essentially, the identification of these characteristics aims to ensure that people are not being unfairly treated because of these factors. The revival in global economic cooperation . 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