Once out of the nest, he pursued a Bachelors in Computer Engineering with a minor in Game Design. The important code will be placed in the backend, so for the client app perspective the backend will act as a black box. Make them sign a contract and do a license audit if feasible. The first thing you need for useful software protection is an opaque bootstrap mechanism. So if you have 30 lines of code you'll probably want to encrypt it doing something like this: You'd then need to write a second script that does the compile() and eval() which would probably include the encoded script as a string literal encased in triple quotes. You must use pyconcrete to process the main.pye script. I also don't think it is not a problem as long as you deploy the code in your own server (providing software as a service). Like obfuscation in natural language, it may use needlessly roundabout expressions to compose statements. Additional you can use an python obfuscator like this one (just googled it). For instance, could you write a program which could identify Python variables? Did I give the right advice to my father about his 401k being down? The obfuscated script is a normal python script. It is also free / opensource, and it is not an online only tool (unless you pay) like some of the others out there. When I plug our function into it, it generates the following code: Clearly, thats not great, but I suppose its effective. That's win-win: You get changes and they can make the change themselves if they really, desperately need it even if you're unwilling to include it in the official release. But they will be Python sources nevertheless and Python is not good at becoming unreadable mess. It will produce a complex encrypted and obfuscated, but fully functional script for you. ): Of course, while this looks harder to read, nothing is really stopping the user from using an IDE to follow each reference. I've posted in this state because I thought it might be useful. Python File Compressor (Makes .py files WAY smaller size) Similar to Pyminifier, uses bytecode and zlib. Feel free to use all of the ideas leveraged in this article. If your stuff is so good -- at a price that is hard to refuse -- there's no incentive to waste time and money reverse engineering anything. And that's in spite of the DMCA making that a criminal offense. I am admittedly still evaluating this myself, but all of initial tests of it worked perfectly. pyminifier.py - The main module for minifying, obfuscating, and compressing Python code; analyze.py - For analyzing Python code; compression.py - For compressing Python code; minification.py - For minifying Python code; obfuscate.py - For obfuscating Python code; token_utils.py - A collection of token-related functions I requested my fork be merged into the original work, but in case that never happens, here's the url to my revised version: Compile python source file to code object, Iterate code object, wrap bytecode of each code object as the following format. At the end of every article, youll find a recap full of code snippets for your own use. your employer) could expect from regular Code, I think. Or see if the level of complexity it provides satisfies your need for peace of mind. Also if you have a lot of .py files to import or as dependency, you must use the recursive command line instead of restrict command for your code to work. Use a license key which expires. 101: Python Code Obfuscation Using Cython | by Shivkaran Singh | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. ", in Python 2 (it crashes in Python 3). Also, if enough people deem that Python source and opcodes are too visible, it's likely someone will eventually develop at least a simple protection tool for it. The good point on this, is to demoralize anyone who try to decode functionallity. pyconcrete(exe) will be installed in your system path (ex: /usr/local/bin), download pyconcrete source and install by setup.py. Internet: "No. "My knowledge is for free, my time is expensive" (not sure who said that). Use the same way to protect binary file of c/c++, that is, obfuscate each function body in executable or library binary file, insert an instruction "jump" at the begin of each function entry, jump to special function to restore obfuscated code. However, the code snippets are quite long, and I dont think it makes a lot of sense for me to dump them here. Add a description, image, and links to the Obfuscate byte code of each code object. Pyarmor. The necessary keys for decrypting the utils.py at run-time is taken care of by pyarmor and it's present in the pytransform folder, thus making our code completely non-readable to other's eyes. I believe there was a game like Mount and Blade or something that changed and recompiled their own python interpreter (the original interpreter which i believe is open source) and just changed the OP codes in the OP code table to be different then the standard python OP codes. (c) In both (a) and (b), it should be possible to distribute the libraries as licensed binary with a Python interface. Or validate the licence not only on startup but in several other places. I'll write my answer in a didactic manner then, go and take a look to the file this.py in your Lib directory within your Python distribution and try to understand what it does. Requirements for Option 2 You have been asked to write a C or C++ code obfuscator - you may use any language you want. These are closed source files stored in: You've provided more than one answer. Would compiling with cython work with a python 3.4 Django app, or could it be made to work without a huge amount of effort? But even this is reversible. Use Cython. when did command line applications start using "-h" as a "standard" way to print "help"? Obfuscate Code by Manipulating Numbers With our "utf8" string represented as a reversed list of numbers, we can begin changing their numeric representation. I appreciate the support! Beaware that if your licensing webserver goes down or the customers internet access is down your customer will not be happy that they can't run thier business because of loss of access to licensing checks. I haven't explored them in depth myself, because as I started to read about them, I dropped the idea for my own purposes. Where do you live that you have. Just for added security I guess? How would I every find out, that they used my code in the first place? With this tool, you can keep your code safe and secure from others. In this series, students will dive into unique topics such as How to Invert a Dictionary, How to Sum Elements of Two Lists, and How to Check if a File Exists. That said, as we begin to obfuscate our code a bit more, well see this solution pay dividends. Offer upgrades and enhancements that make any reverse engineering a bad idea. Then, give them totally different behavior. Nuitka also compiles Python to native platform code providing a similar level of obfuscation like compiled C code. Oxyry Python Obfuscator - The most reliable python obfuscator in the world Oxyry Python Obfuscator the power to protect your python source code Obfuscate Source x each number represent the occupied column position in the corresponding row. You may be able to add some additional obscurity by encrypting part of it and decrypting it on the fly and passing it to eval(). And YOU choose per project what to obfuscate and Or do you want to make a file that you can still run by. when you open it you can't understand anything .. ! Enforce the license check in the native library. After all, if a machine can run the code even in an obfuscated state, so can a human (eventually). How are we doing? One of the lesser used disciplines in practice is design by contract, and here's yet another attempt of mine to explain the concept. This is basically un-reversable, compared to .pyc bytecode! Concentrate on making your code as nice to use as possible - having happy customers will make your company far more money than preventing some theoretical piracy.. Another attempt to make your code harder to steal is to use jython and then use java obfuscator. @DevPlayer There are solutions to this. you may create table of values which are used by program logic, but also used as signature), which can be used to determine that code is originated from you. Now if you see the folder containing our actual utils.py file, a new subfolder will be created called dist. I have also been grappling with this question and all the "licensing" answers are basically bull because it doesn't protect against widespread copying, yet doesn't give you any market share advantage. Is there documented evidence that George Kennan opposed the establishment of NATO? Freedom is one of the main benefits of the Python community. At any rate, lets have some fun with it: Yep, thats an infinite loop! You can package the obfuscated Python files into an executable for distribution using the . What is the pictured tool and what is its use? i mean all the file is encoded !! How do I protect Python code from being read by users? When the next release breaks their reverse engineering, there's no point. If you really wanted to go the extra mile, look into a packer or compression utility in order to add more obfuscation. If you know of any other tools or cool techniques, feel free to share them in the comments. Can 50% rent be charged? Python, being a byte-code-compiled interpreted language, is very difficult to lock down. Chances are that they will contact you and so you will learn about the reselling of your work. That said, I suspect that the variable names will obscure the intent for a little while. As a result, its possible to come up with names that completely obfuscate the intent of a variable or function: Here, weve lost all semantic value that we typically get from variable and function names. - software as an service (the best solution to conceal your code in my opinion) If you have code that valuable, convert it to C, or keep it on a server. Instead, it will be an addition to all previous solutions. The best way to do this is to first generate a .c file, and then compile it with tcc to a .pyd file Pyarmor is a command line tool used to obfuscate python scripts, bind obfuscated scripts to fixed machine or expire obfuscated scripts. I think that simply bundles the .pyc files. Terms and Conditions. Nuitka is high level, searching dependencies and including them in a single distribution is done by Nuitka in a very easy way. using cxfreeze ( py2exe for linux ) will do the job. This can be carried to absurd extremes, but you should offer new features that make the next release more valuable than reverse engineering. It's always possible to bypass the signature-checking loader. In addition, I thought about making some methods just to pollute the namespace a little bit. python-obfuscator As You have correctly concluded, it offers very limited protection. Instead of converting some parts of the code to C, they hide the entire python code inside a protective C layer. More information about what is present in the compiled binary: Most of the limitations you mention aren't really correct - there's extra syntax that adds statically typing (mainly for speed) but most normal Python programs should run unaltered, including keyword parameters, conditional imports. This additional complexity is still pretty easy to map. It is possible to do manually, my tips are: use eval and/or exec with encrypted strings, use [ord(i) for i in s] / ''.join(map(chr, [list of chars goes here])) as simple encryption/decryption, Don't write just 1 or True, write 1&True&0x00000001 ;). This will allow Python to find your modules (otherwise, Python looks for .py modules). This is a valid answer. Do you just want to encode the file so that you can decode it later (by the command line, say)? thanks, i didn't know that. You can even set up a provision to email automatically once the license is expired and you can get in touch with your clients using the SMTP services in python. There is an open-source library on GitHub that can help you with the license verification bit. Yes, but not if you distribute that exact Python version with your obfuscated code. Let's take a look at the following code. How to upgrade all Python packages with pip. @Skandix How exactly would that work? Keep in mind that anyone who has the script can decode the text back into human readable python using the same base64.b64decode function. I'm really surprised no one else mentioned this yet? 2 3 https://github.com/sol-prog/N-Queens-Puzzle/blob/master/nqueens.py 4 """ 5 6 Perhaps you should use Perl then - where code looks the same before and after RSA encryption. If you want to really protect and sell your code, consider adding an actual license with an embedded virtual date on it. Dont be afraid to take what you need! To associate your repository with the How in the world would you "easily discover if someone does"? How do I protect Python code from being read by users? It all comes down to tradeoffs. If they don't change the copyright notice, the 2nd level customers will notice that the software comes from you original and wonder what is going on. Base64 is trivial to decode for anyone, so it cannot serve as actual protection and will 'hide' sources only from complete PC illiterates. I think, if we have a frequency - how often expensive obfuscated code is hacked - we could say about practicability of using Python and obfuscated code. Idea of having time restricted license and check for it in locally installed program will not work. If you aren't fan of Cython perhaps you can say why? That way, it'd sure be difficult to intercept calls to/from python and whatever framework libraries you use. +1 for stealing ideas back. In other words, were operating under the assumption that the input is a valid string. Instead, I want to look at various obfuscation methods. In this way you can issue license file with a public key for each customer. That's right, give the code away and have people come back for upgrades and support. So the more people asking "how to protect Python app" only promotes that development. Oh yeah? Remember to mix different styles of naming to keep those pesky people of of your code. As a result, its even hard to figure out what this program does. I was surprised in not seeing pyconcrete in any answer. But it's used to stop MOST eyes from reading it. The comments can be omitted if necessary. Since you gain access to individual AST nodes, using this approach allows you to perform arbitrary modifications to the source file. The official version runs as a standalone utility, with the original intended design being that you drop a script into the root of the directory you want to obfuscate, along with a config file to define the details/options you want to employ. Wouldnt that be sinister? Essentially, you can't use Python to the fullest, with the dynamic awesomeness it offers. If newsletters aren't your thing, there are at least 4 other ways you can help grow The Renegade Coder. Something like this would have no effect on your programs behavior, but it could confuse a reader. Bytecode can be decompiled into semi-readable sources. Preventing competitors from using the source code as their own or write their inspired version of the same code, one way to protect is to add signatures to your program logic (some secrets to be able to prove that code was stolen from you) and obfuscate the python source code so, it's hard to read and utilize. While this is clever and interesting, it doesn't really give an explanation to. In addition, you can find some of the snippets in a Jupyter notebook format on GitHub. Tamper Resistant Python Script - Encrypt your raw python code, Seal it off while simultaneously allowing it to remain executable, Prevent edits or modifications of any kind, Ensure your protected scripts cannot be renamed and used under . In particular, we indicated that the input parameter solution_path should be a string. If there are many calls to the extension, it could be difficult to eradicate. Could you tell me more please? In fact, almost all Python code looked like this at one point, so I wouldnt say weve reached any level of obfuscation yet. You didn't mention app.exe anywhere in your explanations. Are these (non open source) files still there at the latest pyarmor? Offer it as a web service. It is possible to have the py2exe byte-code in a crypted resource for a C launcher that loads and executes it in memory. The only thing that you can hope to achieve is to add protection to a level that would cost your customer more to bypass than it would to purchase another license. Here's just one example: I know it is an old question. Python was made to be readable and shareable, not obfuscated. Remove Superfluous Data. Make variable names very broad, movie references, or opposites example: btmnsfavclr = 16777215 where as "btmnsfavclr" means "Batman's Favorite Color" and the value is 16777215 or the decimal form of "ffffff" or white. 546), We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. With that said I was just checking google for python obsfucation and not turning up a lot of anything. Logical signature inside obfuscated code (e.g. As maximum, you can compile your sources into bytecode and then distribute only bytecode. There is no effective way to obfuscate python such that it can not be trivially converted back to human readable. For example, 56 is really 28 * 2 or 14 * 2 * 2 or 7 * 2 * 2 * 2. ), See This Blog Post (not by me) for a tutorial on how to do it. Basic technique #1: Removing all information that is useless for the interpreter / parser. The other people the thief sells to, might have become my customers, but I would never know. https://pypi.org/project/python-minifier/, Top 11 Tips to Develop Unmaintainable Code, stackoverflow.com/posts/comments/108403128?noredirect=1, Lets talk large language models (Ep. Good obfuscation adds basically the same protection to your code, that compiling it to executable (and stripping binary) does. Please leave a comment if you're going to down vote something like this! In which case, why do you even care about obfuscating? Code obfuscation is neat, but it comes with a slight runtime performance decrease. This is an opinion, not a technical answer. Are there real secrets in there (such as a key for symmetric encryption of bank transfers), or are you just being paranoid? Yes it would, depending on where the license check is performed. I am developing a piece of software in Python that will be distributed to my employer's customers. Why is there no video of the drone propellor strike by Russia. This function will restore those obfuscated bytecode between offset 3 and n, and put the original byte-code at offset 0. source code for free! Likewise, Python supports various bases, so why not introduce hexadecimal, octal, and binary to the mix? 546), We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Sorry to bring up an old thread. In other words, we decide what we name our functions and variables. How can I check if this airline ticket is genuine? Instead, as many posters have mentioned make it: Alternatively, as the kick-ass Python IDE WingIDE does: Give away the code. You might be able to build a single executable if you can link to (and optimize with) the python runtime and all libraries (dlls) statically. Edit: You can use following code to prevent cache directory generation: It seems that the bytecode could be easily uncompiled using. What does a 9 A battery do to a 3 A motor when using the battery for movement? Reverse engineering is doable but expensive in most situations. or compile that line into op codes that are equivalent to "if False:" if "# Copyright" is missing. This will also speed up the program. Have you had a look at pyminifier? See if you can crack the script and reveal the actual code. I dont expect any of these methods to be all that practical. A Python script to obfuscate and protect your code through anti debuggers, junk code and custom encryption. Moreover, if you plan to actually run that code by any means, you would have to include decoder right into the script (or another script in your distribution, which would needed to be run by legitimate user), and that would immediately give away your encoding/encryption. How do you handle giving an invited university talk in a smaller room compared to previous speakers? Depending in who the client is, a simple protection mechanism, combined with a sensible license agreement will be far more effective than any complex licensing/encryption/obfuscation system. This library does not seem to be maintained, and gives me indentation errors. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. As with most articles in this series, I was doing some browsing on Google, and I found that some folks had an interest in learning how to obfuscate code in Python. But most companies don't keep pro hackers on staff long I imagine (likely because things get hacked). Add the flags --onefile or -standalone if this works to get a package for distribution. This output corresponds to a 40-line original input script as shown here. As always, obfuscating things is much easier than understanding them. In other words, instead of returning a simple junk value, we could construct a complex junk value: Honestly, I could have put anything in the dead block. It would start to harm you if a lot of people would find it AND those people would be paying customers instead. pyarmor has a limitation of 32kB on python file size, otherwise you pay the license. How to encrypt my written python code so you can't read it but only run it. I found and fixed a few bugs. Unmatched records missing from spatial left join. In fact, we use it to indicate scope. add confusing comments like "line 2" on line 10 or "it returns 0" on while loop. If we focus on software licensing, I would recommend to take a look at another Stack Overflow answer I wrote here to get some inspiration of how a license key verification system can be constructed. Figuring out how obfuscated complex code works might be even harder than actually writing your own implementation. Software development follows a variety of disciplines. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. If a man's name is on the birth certificate, but all were aware that he is not the blood father, and the couple separates, is he responsible legally? Wouldn't it just be the support? Nothing can be protected against reverse engineering. You can rename the .pyo file with a .py extension, and python
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