You may be exposed by breathing, J. Toxicol. In Figure 2, the time aggregates concentration for each BTEX compound is presented as an average concentration for the specified time (15, 45, and 120 min). Background concentrations were accounted for, as BTEX from outside the testing facility could possibly infiltrate the testing laboratory and contribute to the final concentration readings. Annesi-Maesano I., Baiz N., Banerjee S., Rudnai P., Rive S. Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects. World Health Organization Media Centre fact sheets. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene. This should be done within a few hours after exposure occurs because ethylbenzene's breakdown products (metabolites) leave the body very quickly. The health department or emergency personnel will arrange for further disposal. Ernstgrd L., Gullstrand E., Lf A., Johanson G. Are women more sensitive than men to 2-propanol and m-xylene vapours? This implies that exposure to TEX from this combustion activity may significantly vary from one household to the other, depending on the case scenarios used. Lemire S, Ashley D, Olaya P, Romieu I, Welch S, Meneses-Gonzalez F, Hernandez-Avila M. Environmental exposure of commuters in Mexico City to volatile organic compounds as assessed by blood concentrations, 1998. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. Accessibility Time series of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) concentration for a 3-h combustion cycle. Your children may be exposed to ethylbenzene by inhaling products containing it, such as paints, varnishes, or gasoline. In our study, we used both designated cancer severity indicators for one case: 1 104and 1 106 [60,78]. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107(7):511-515. Volatile Organic Compounds: Do they present a risk to our health? Schnatter A.R., Glass D.C., Tang G., Irons R.D., Rushton L. Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Benzene Exposure Among Petroleum Workers: An International Pooled Analysis. Email: Contact CDC-INFO. Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly. Two natural In the study by [34], the focus was on an occupational setting, which is suggested to be highly contaminated, relative to the residential environment. Used in industry and in consumer products is the cumulative lifetime adjusted dose (Equation (4)) over an estimated exposure in a lifetime of 60 or 67 years for male and female adult, respectively. The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person. Furthermore, in Table 6, the results show that 110 men per million people exposed will be at risk of carcinogenic health effects. Residents in high density urban areas and commuters may have ethylbenzene levels up to two times higher than the nonsmoking general population (Lemire et al., 2004). Dutta C., Som D., Chatterjee A., Mukherjee A.K., Jana T.K., Sen S. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and BTEX in ambient air of Kolkata, India and their associated health risk. The benzene concentration observed in our study varied from those conducted in India, where the concentrations have ranged from 44167 g/m3 [50]. Gas and oil workers may be exposed to ethylbenzene either through skin contact or by breathing ethylbenzene vapors. The acute toxicity of ethylbenzene is low, with an LD 50 of about 4 grams per kilogram of body weight. Exposure to high levels of ethylbenzene in air for short periods can cause eye and throat irritation. Performing CPR on someone who has swallowed benzene may cause them to vomit. Benzene concentration ranged from 857942 g/m3, with a mean of 919 g/m3 over a three-hour burn cycle. As quickly as possible, wash any benzene from your skin with large amounts of soap and water. CPN is thought to be the mode of action underlying the development of the rat kidney cancer, and is considered to have no relevance to human health. how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health, but cannot be enforced by law. A domestic coal fire is generally associated with high heat generation, simultaneously increasing the indoor temperature significantly. Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. 4770 Buford Highway For the exposure assessment, we have considered the estimated dose, expressed as a chronic daily intake (mg/kg/day). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. [(accessed on 10 September 2018)]; Masih A., Lall A.S., Taneja A., Singhvi R. Inhalation exposure and related health risks of BTEX in ambient air at different microenvironments of a terai zone in north India. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the If you live in a city or near many factories or heavily traveled highways, you may be exposed to ethylbenzene in the air. The introduction of several chemicals into the atmosphere has been widely associated with increased health risks [1,2]. National Toxicology Program (NTP). Chamblee, GA 30341-3717 Moya J., Bearer C.F., Etzel R.A. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. Levels of ethylbenzene in blood reflect recent exposure. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. The site is secure. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registration. However, the observed differences may require additional statistical analyses, in order to provide more details on the concentration variation at different time intervals. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. The cancer risk for adult females and males were determined to be 1.2 104 and 1.1 104, respectively. Health Effects Exposure to high levels of ethylbenzene can cause eye and throat irritation, vertigo, and dizziness. This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about ethylbenzene. been exposed to ethylbenzene? If someone has swallowed benzene, do not try to make them vomit or give them fluids to drink. It may enter through your skin when you come into contact with liquids containing ethylbenzene. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 19902013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. When the local or state health department or emergency personnel arrive, tell them what you did with your clothes. Sometimes older children sniff household chemicals, including ethylbenzene, in an attempt to get high. You Using biologic markers in blood to assess exposure to multiple environmental chemicals for inner-city children 3-6 years of age. When a substance is released either from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, The average CDIyear provides the estimated daily intake corresponding to an annual dose. Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences He also carried out the experiment and writing up of the paper. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008 Jul;18(4):421-9. The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under these conditions may present an important class of pollutants as it has been associated with several health and environmental impacts [14,15,16]. If you think your water supply may have benzene in it, drink bottled water until you are sure your water supply is safe. Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the pliofilm cohort. Street vendors and workers exposed to gasoline fumes can have blood ethylbenzene levels up to ten times higher than levels found in the general population (Mannino et al., 1995; Romieu et al., 1999). Recommendations and regulations are also updated periodically as more information becomes available. For example, it can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia. Drinking water is contaminated rarely by leaking underground storage tanks containing petroleum products. Mc Donald R., Biswas P. A methodology to establish the morphology of ambient aerosols. Strategy to Combat the Negative Impacts of Domestic Coal Combustion Basa Njengo Magogo Methodology Classical Fire-lighting Methodology. Long-term exposure in air Schneider P., Gebefugi I., Richter K., Wolke G. Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in German cities. If you live in a city or near many factories or heavily traveled highways, you may be exposed to ethylbenzene in air. In addition, it may be noted that this is the first study in a South African context that attempted to carry out a risk assessment on BTEX exposure that is applicable for informal settlement, according to the knowledge of the author. Lee C.W., Dai Y.T., Chien C.H., Hsu D.J. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Relative sensitivity of the ocular trigeminal, nasal trigeminal and olfactory systems to airborne chemicals. Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 Hazard Summary Ethylbenzene is mainly used in the manufacture of styrene. This section discusses potential health effects in humans from exposures during the period from Talk with your children about the dangers of sniffing chemicals. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you agree to our, Repeated Exposure and Nervous System Toxicity, Developmental, Reproductive, and Endocrine Toxicity. The chronic daily intake (CDI) (Equation (1)) for both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic pollutants was calculated by using the values as shown in Table 1. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the CDC twenty four seven. There are no reports of skin or respiratory allergic reactions caused by ethylbenzene in occupationally exposed workers. The stove was lit by using the TLUD method in a high ventilated brazier. Beliles and R.W. . Chen X., Zhang G., Zhang Q., Chen H. Mass concentrations of BTEX inside air environment of buses in Changsha, China. We take your privacy seriously. Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? The winter period in South Africa is from June to August (equivalent to 92 days). The general population may be exposed to ethylbenzene through inhalation, particularly from motor vehicle emissions, self-service gasoline pump vapors, and cigarette smoke. Producing and using petroleum products are potential sources of workplace exposure to ethylbenzene. It evaporates at room temperature and burns easily. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. Presently, epidemiological studies in South Africa use emission factor data to associate the exposure to health outcomes [51]. Immunotoxicological effects of benzene inhalation in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The limitation of this method was that the exposure duration seeks to be confined to the coal combustion period (3 h), without taking into account the exposure resulting from accumulated concentrations that might take time to vent from indoor to outdoor. Ethylbenzene has been tested for effects on the immune system at concentrations up to 500 ppm and results were negative. Several studies have been conducted globally, investigating the emissions of larger industrial activities such as power generation on the external environment [5,6]. This group of VOCs are often considered carcinogenic [22,23]. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. The results presented in our study indicate that there is a lower probability of non-carcinogenic health effects as a result of exposure to domestic coal combustion technology, as described in this study. 20 m3 is the default value for the average adult daily air volume; and. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Metabolites can be measured in urine Clin Chem 1994;40(7 Pt 2):1401-1404. The exposure duration obtained in Equation (2) indicates a daily average exposure, given that the exposure involves a 3-h duration over a 92-day period in a year from this source (to allow for a full season). For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. Work Environ. Always store household chemicals in their original containers; never store them in containers that children would find attractive to eat or drink from, such as old soda bottles. Helium was used as a carrier gas, and set at a pressure of 350 kPa, connected using Teflon tubing at a distance of 1.8 m (from the gas cylinder to the GC). Much higher levels occurring with accidental exposures can produce central nervous system depression. Human health risk assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources. The treatment relation of the observed tumors is equivocal in some cases, and other tumor types are of no, or questionable, relevance to humans. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). This study has demonstrated that domestic coal burning may be a significant source of BTEX emission exposure. Vitali M., Ensabella F., Stella D., Guidotti M. Exposure to Organic Solvents among Handicraft Car Painters: A Pilot Study in Italy. We do not know if ethylbenzene will cause birth defects in humans. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. From the total BTEX indoor air concentration, benzene was found to have contributed less at 6%, while ethyl benzene was the highest, at 29%. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Solid fuel use for household cooking: Country and regional estimates for 19802010. The most common way to test for ethylbenzene is in the urine. Appreciation to Moolla for funding the project, and to Tafadzwa Makonese and Prof Isaac Rampedi, for the supervision and guidance they have shown in this work. If you wear contacts, remove them after washing your hands and put them with the contaminated clothing. Also, if you are sure the person has swallowed benzene, do not attempt CPR. Forouzanfar M.H., Alexander L., Bachman V.F., Biryukov S., Brauer M., Casey D., Burnett R., Casey D., Coates M.M., Cohen A., et al. Lim S.S., Vos T., Flaxman A.D., Danaei G., Shibuya K., Adair-Rohani H., Amann M., Anderson H.R., Andrews K.G., Aryee M., et al. It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable. Furthermore, this study has proven that the use of a high ventilated stove and the top-lit updraft might not have a significant effect on the reduction of BTEX, relative to what the technology is reportedly capable of (i.e., the reduction of particulate matter by 80%). The health risk assessment of TEX, through calculating the hazard quotient, was below the reference value of 1; indicating a potentially low exposure to these pollutants, and possibly a reduced risk of the associated health effects. The cancer risk for females was found to be higher than that of males. for ethylbenzene. J Chromat B 2002;778:198-210. Contrary to benzene and ethylbenzene, the concentrations of toluene and xylene were the highest at 45 min and 120 min, respectively. Other uses include as a solvent, in fuels, and to make other chemicals. Acute lethality or serious poisoning in humans has rarely been reported in association with ethylbenzene exposure. This section looks at studies concerning potential health effects in animal and human studies. De Bruinen Bruin Y., Koistinen K., Kephalopoulos S., Geiss O., Tirendi S., Kotzias D. Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union: Comparison of measured and modelled exposure data. There is no evidence that ethylbenzene is harmful to the immune system. The isolation or removal of the detection device from the hot environment was done to avoid similar challenges experienced during field monitoring in [34], where the higher temperature led to the instrumentation malfunctioning, and a loss of data. (Long-term exposure means exposure of a year or more.) Chang E.-E., Wei-Chi W., Li-Xuan Z., Hung-Lung C. Health risk assessment of exposure to selected volatile organic compounds emitted from an integrated iron and steel plant. Salud Publica Mex 004;46:32-38. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1104. [(accessed on 7 October 2018)]; World Bank Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health, and Climate Change THE WORLD BANK A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD PROBLEM. The stove and the GC955 sampling inlet were placed at the center of the combustion hut, respectively. Sampling information. Always follow directions on household products (for example, use only with ventilation). Kumar A., Singh B.P., Punia M., Singh D., Kumar K., Jain V.K. 202-787-5996. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Thus, this research has aimed at assessing both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic potential risk by estimating the exposure to BTEX. factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and how you come in contact with it. A dose-response relationship was used to estimate the potential biological response for each pollutant. Assessment of indoor air concentrations of VOCs and their associated health risks in the library of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. is the cumulative intake dose; CR: carcinogenic risk; HQ: hazard quotient. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. From the results, it was shown that the relative concentration of the BTEX species were consistent throughout the entire burn cycle of the three-hour period. Ethylbenzene is a flammable hydrocarbon found in crude oil. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(3):342-349. If you eat fish and drink water from a body of water, the water should contain no more than 0.53 mg/L ethylbenzene. The determination of risks associated with BTEX were achieved when using the cancer risk for the carcinogenic compound (benzene), while the non-carcinogenic effects of TEX were determined by calculating the hazard quotient, as shown in Equations (5) and (6), respectively. You They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that benzene causes cancer in humans. Before stove ignition, all openings leading to the outside of the shack were closed/sealed, mimicking field-based practices. The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood. Rao P.S., Ansari M.F., Gavane A.G., Pandit V.I., Nema P., Devotta S. Seasonal variation of toxic benzene emissions in petroleum refinery. Styrene Information & Research Center It can also cause excessive bleeding and can affect the . The median levels of ethylbenzene in air are: Water Ahaghotu E., Babu R.J., Chatterjee A., Singh M. Effect of methyl substitution of benzene on the percutaneous absorption and skin irritation in hairless rats. Background levels in soils have not been reported. Ethylbenzene can be measured in blood and in the breath of people exposed to ethylbenzene. It is reported that VOCs, even at low concentrations, can produce several health effects, including nausea, eye, and throat irritation, the induction of asthma attacks, fatigue, dizziness, and mental confusion [17,18,19,20,21]. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has limited workers' exposure to an average of 100 ppm for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. The minimum concentration, as depicted from Figure 2, is associated with the first 15 min of the combustion. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (TEX) results are comparable with several studies conducted elsewhere; however, most of these studies were conducted in occupational settings [34,59,70]. Due to the hazardous nature of coal and the associated carbon monoxide poisoning, households often extinguish the fire and remove the stove from the indoor spaces before going to bed [57]. Lin T.Y., Sree U., Tseng S.H., Chiu K.H., Wu C.H., Lo J.G. This public health statement tells you about ethylbenzene and the effects of exposure to it. 3031 March 2016. Sikov, F.D. CAS# 100-41-4. The human lung is not expected to produce enough of these metabolites to result in adverse effects. Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa; Proceedings of the 24th Conference Domest Use Energy; Cape Town, South Africa. Consequently, the use of an emission factor as a concentration has been interchangeably used as the same term in several studies in these field, which might complicate the interpretation of results [54,51]. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1985;56:307-321. As shown in Table 5, the cancer risk for women suggests that 120 people will be at risk of cancer per million people in the exposed population. Received 2018 Dec 12; Accepted 2018 Dec 21. DNA damage and repair detected by the comet assay in lymphocytes of African petrol attendants: A pilot study. Haghighat F., Lee C.S., Ghaly W.S. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (an expert group that is part of the World Health Organization) has determined that long-term exposure to ethylbenzene may cause cancer in humans. Exposure to airborne pollutants is influenced by many factors, such as the emission rate at the source, air exchange rate, pollutant concentration and time spent indoors, and the meteorological conditions [32,35,38,42]. Sometimes these not-to-exceed levels differ among federal organizations because they used different exposure times (an 8-hour workday or a 24-hour day), different animal studies, or other factors. What happens to ethylbenzene when it enters the environment? Cometto-Muniz JE, Cain WS. In both exposure scenarios (male and female), the cancer risk was found to be higher than the acceptable risk levels of 1 106 and 1 104. Minor birth defects and low birth weights have occurred in newborn animals whose mothers were exposed to air contaminated with ethylbenzene during pregnancy. Benzene slope factor, and toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (TEX) inhalation reference values. The individual information used for risk assessment are average person default values. Therefore, hearing effects may be a concern for ethylbenzene. Due to the inadequate available methodologies for determining the internal dose, we used a near-field breathing zone concentration for the exposure assessment. If you are exposed to ethylbenzene, many factors will determine whether you will be harmed. Releases of ethylbenzene into the air occur from burning oil, gas, and coal and from industries using ethylbenzene. Predominately, adult males and females reside in informal settlements, while there is only a small number of school-going children [65]. Gordon S., Bruce N., Grigg J., Hibberd P., Kurmi O., Lam K., Mortimer K., Asante K.P., Balakrishnan K., Balmes J., et al. High levels of exposure can cause both short-term and long-term health effects. CDIyear: the estimated daily intake corresponding to an annual dose; CDI30 year: cumulative average 30-year dose; CDIadj. The federal government develops regulations and recommendations to protect public health. Toxicological profile for ethylbenzene, November 2010 [online]. Ethylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid that smells like gasoline. If you are helping other people remove their clothing, try to avoid touching any contaminated areas, and remove the clothing as quickly as possible. We take your privacy seriously. Biological monitoring of standardized exposure to ethylbenzene: evaluation of a biological tolerance (BAT) value. A comprehensive risk assessment of the potential human health effects of ethylbenzene was published in 2015. Ototoxicity indicated by alterations in brainstem auditory evoked responses and outer hair cell was found in a 13-week study in rats at concentrations of 200 ppm ethylbenzene. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Occupational health risk assessment of benzene and toluene at a landfill site in Johannesburg, South Africa. This is due to the inherent heat production of the technology, while in summer, it is unlikely that the stove will be used indoors for either cooking or space heating. Moving to an area with fresh air is a good way to reduce the possibility of death from exposure to benzene in the air. Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly. For carcinogenic pollutants, it must be noted that there is no safe threshold; therefore, the risk characterization followed was similar to the method that was described by the USEPAs Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund [62]; We thus calculated the risk of cancer by using Equation (5) [73]: SF is the slope factor for carcinogenic pollutant (0.0273); CDIadj. Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid found in a number of products including gasoline and paints. Cancer Risk Assessment Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) in the Production of Insulation Bituminous. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Ethylbenzene is found in the blood, urine, breath, and some body tissues of exposed people. 8/3/12. Garte S., Taioli E., Popov T., Bolognesi C., Farmer P., Merlo F. Genetic susceptibility to benzene toxicity in humans. Breathing lower levels has resulted in hearing effects and kidney damage in animals. A hazard quotient of greater than 1 was used as a reference value; whereby, a value greater than one indicated a higher probability of contracting a related health effect. If you think you may have been exposed to benzene, you should remove your clothing, rapidly wash your entire body with soap and water, and get medical care as quickly as possible. Return to menu . We do not know whether children would be more sensitive than adults to the effects of ethylbenzene. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Particularly, benzene and ethylbenzene exposure is linked with an increased risk of leukemia and hematopoietic cancers [24,25,26]. It Nevertheless, it must be noted that air leaks could occur, since the sealing of openings were not comprehensive enough to contain all emitted pollutants, which might be similar to a typical shack. Despite the TEX results being found to be lower compared to the highest reported concentrations in other studies, it is suggested that they may present several health effects, even at lower concentrations [86,87,88]. Source characterization of BTEX in indoor microenvironments in Hong Kong. McKenzie L.M., Witter R.Z., Newman L.S., Adgate J.L. Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia. Exposure could also result from breathing in ethylbenzene while showering, bathing, or cooking with contaminated water. Such variables may include the ventilation rate, or the building envelope, which influences the air ratio, taking into account the exchange from inside to outside. Ethylbenzene can cause respiratory tract and eye irritation and dizziness at air concentrations that exceed workplace standards (Cometto-Muniz and Cain, 1995). Follow directions on label Hosny G., Elghayish M., Noweir K. Health risk assessment for benzene-exposure in oil refineries. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The average age of dwellers was estimated to be 35 years, while the majority of shack owners are males, at 61% relative to females [65]. First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released. There is an emerging body of knowledge which suggests that indoor household burning presents a major threat to public health [8,9] arising from lack of access to clean energy sources, which has been identified as a major contributor to local indoor air pollution [10,11]. Ethylbenzene moves easily into the air from water and soil. Some regulations and recommendations for ethylbenzene include the following: Levels in drinking water set by EPA Original Investigation Population toxicokinetics of tetrachloroethylene. The running cycle can be from 15 min upwards, which can be adjusted and operated at a temperature of <70 C. The majority of households, especially in developing countries, rely on multiple energy sources combusted daily, using inefficient devices in poorly ventilated environments [12,13]. Edokpolo B., Yu Q.J., Connell D. Health risk assessment of ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene and Xylene (BTX) in service station environments. On this page Overview Health effects Environmental effects Sources of emissions References Description Ethylbenzene is used primarily in the production of styrene and synthetic polymers. Human health effects from ethylbenzene at low environmental doses or at biomonitored levels from low environmental exposures are unknown. Midzenski M.A., McDiarmid M.A., Rothman N., Kolodner K. Acute high dose exposure to benzene in shipyard workers. Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia. Due to the sensitivity of the monitoring equipment, care was given to separate the experimental and the data capturing rooms. Keretetse G.S., Laubscher P.J., Du Plessis J.L., Pretorius P.J., Van Der Westhuizen F.H., Van Deventer E., Van Dyk E., Eloff F.C., Van Aarde M.N., Du Plessis L.H. developed the methodology for data analysis. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. We do not know if ethylbenzene will cause birth defects in humans. Before each test, the gas probes were cleaned by the means of compressed air, to remove any residue from prior tests, which might negatively affect the next results. Air The repeated exposure (non-cancer) systemic toxicity of ethylbenzene has been evaluated in laboratory animals in subchronic and chronic inhalation studies and subchronic oral studies. Mar M., Zabiegaa B., Namienik J. Health Part B Crit. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bond, M.R. Wang S., Ang H.M., Tade M.O. shorter version, ToxFAQs, is also available. Ethyl Benzene 30/a, 6728381. In Equation (3), the average 30 years chronic dose (CDI30 year) is calculated by using the 30 year residential exposure duration, as obtained from USEPA default value: CDI is the cumulative average 30-year dose (mg/kg/day); YE is estimated lifetime residential exposure duration, which is equivalent to 30 years; 365 is the total number of days in a year; 60 is the male life expectancy, and 67 is the female life expectancy in South Africa. No other evidence of nervous system impairment was found in repeated exposure rat studies that tested ethylbenzene at concentrations of 500 ppm vapor or oral dosages of up to 500 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, indicating that ethylbenzene does not produce persistent or progressive damage to the nervous system. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, McCraw JM, Wooten JV. Anthropogenic sources of higher exposure to air pollutants are suggested to be attributed to industrial activities [3,4]. Mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids are the predominant urinary metabolites and have been used to monitor workplace exposure (Knecht et al., 2000). The non-carcinogenic effects of the TEX inhalation reference concentration for each pollutant was used to calculate the hazard quotient, as in Table 2 [74,75,76]. 6 strokes; approx 10-400 ppm range; uncertainty 16%. It undergoes biodegradation or photooxidation in air, water, and soil, and it does not bioaccumulate in aquatic food chains (ATSDR, 2007). In a typical coal-burning house in South Africa, coal stoves are often used indoors during the winter season between 18:00 and 21:00. must also consider any other chemicals you are exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, Ethylbenzene is not often found in drinking water; however, high levels may be found in residential drinking water wells near landfills, waste sites, or leaking underground fuel storage tanks. Seek medical attention right away. Factors such as hazard source identification, exposed group, exposure pathway, the concentration of the contaminant, target organ, and potential biological response dose, which might trigger a response, are investigated [32,42]. Le Roux L.J., Zunckel M., Mccormick S. Reduction in air pollution using the basa njengo magogo method and the applicability to low-smoke fuels. You can review and change the way we collect information below. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. This test measures substances formed by the breakdown of ethylbenzene. The sources of BTEX in residential areas are diverse, including domestic care products; lifestyle-related chemicals such as cigarette smoke; and combustion energy-related sources [35]. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Regulations can be enforced by law. Hearing: Rats exposed to large amounts of ethylbenzene by mouth had severe damage to the inner ear. What happens to ethylbenzene when it enters the environment? Laboratory animals exposed to ethylbenzene for several weeks to months at air concentrations several times higher than occupational standards have shown respiratory irritation, increased liver weight, liver microsomal enzyme induction, and increased leukocyte counts (ATSDR, 2010). It is a high production chemical used largely to synthesize styrene and also as a solvent and an additive to automobile and aviation fuels. Email: Contact CDC-INFO. Individuals vary based on the biological make-up, which might affect parameters such as the breathing rate, and moreover, the exposure scenario. This work was done in collaboration with several people or groups. The implication of this finding indicates for the first time in the South African domestic sector that the determination of domestic coal combustion as might be an important source of BTEX in indoor air spaces. BTEX emissions were monitored at near-field (inside the room, 1.2 m away from the emitting source), and they were then used as room concentrations. In animals, the most sensitive target of ethylbenzene toxicity appears to be the The authors declare no conflict of interest. We do not know whether ethylbenzene causes birth defects in people. In Equation (6), the procedure for calculating HQ is shown. Angerer J, Wulf H. Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents.XI. Alkylbenzene exposure of varnish workers: Effects on hematopoietic system. [(accessed on 7 October 2018)]; Makonese T., Masekameni D., Annegarn H., Forbes P., Pemberton-pigott C. Domestic Lump-Coal Combustion: Characterization of Performance and Emissions from Selected Braziers. High concentrations of ethylbenzene have been shown to cause liver and lung cancer in mice and kidney cancer in rats. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Health. The common occupants in South African informal settlements are often unemployed individuals, or those who falls in the low income brackets. Robinson S.N., Shah R., Wong B.A., Wong V.A., Farris G.M. Hazrati S., Rostami R., Farjaminezhad M., Fazlzadeh M. Preliminary assessment of BTEX concentrations in indoor air of residential buildings and atmospheric ambient air in Ardabil, Iran. In summary, the inhalation reference concentration (RfC) is an estimated daily human inhalation exposure that is suggested to not cause a health effect in a lifetime [46,47,73]. Eating foods or drinking fluids contaminated with high levels of benzene can cause . D.B. Time-weighted average BTEX room concentrations. The 3-h average concentrations (in g/m3) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, and o-xylene were 919 44, 2051 91, 3838 19, 4245 41 and 3576 49, respectively. Ethylbenzene is infrequently detected in private and public groundwater wells used for drinking water. This study presented the first risk assessment arising from domestic coal burning activities in a laboratory environment, while mimicking field practices that are relevant to the South African situation. Mid-Year Population Estimates 2017. We assumed that the breathing zone concentration is equal to the near-field concentration, or the emission zone [62]. conceptualized and prepared the manuscript. Long-term exposure by ingestion Seal the bag, and then seal that bag inside another plastic bag. Hearing: Exposure to relatively low concentrations of ethylbenzene for several days to weeks resulted in potentially irreversible damage to the inner ear and hearing of animals. This public health statement tells you about ethylbenzene and the effects of exposure to it. Arch Toxicol 2000;73(12):632-640. The U.S. EPA established environmental and drinking water standards for ethylbenzene. An official website of the United States government. Workplace air Atabi F., Moattar F., Mansouri N., Alesheikh A.A., Mirzahosseini S.A.H. PDF Version [93.3 KB] This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about ethylbenzene. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. For carcinogenic pollutants (such as benzene), the use of the slope factor can be used to estimate the relative risk. Informal settlements are often built closer to employment sites or in industrial zones [64,66]. Multi-gram oral or dermal doses of ethylbenzene per kilogram of body weight or air concentrations in the thousands of parts per million (ppm) were required to produce serious toxicity and deaths in animals. Before Gelman F.Y.B.A., Maszle J.J.D.R., Alexeef L.Z.G. If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or: For more information, contact: Lan T.T.N., Binh N.T.T. Exposure can occur if you work in an industry where ethylbenzene is used or made. All monitoring instruments were maintained and operated according to the manufacturers instructions, and returned to the suppliers for factory calibration at prescribed intervals. The selection of the combustion device (high-ventilation stove) and the fire ignition method (top-lit updraft) is based on the South African government air pollution interim reduction strategy that is applicable for informal settlements. In experimental studies, the use of the equipment, which are accurately calibrated, is an important quality control feature, and it assists in the reduction of the uncertainty of the dataset. Available at URL: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=383&tid=66. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. After absorption, ethylbenzene is metabolized rapidly by the liver. Katsoyiannis A., Leva P., Barrero-Moreno J., Kotzias D. Building materials. Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature. eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact. A D-grade type coal was burned under simulated domestic practices in a controlled laboratory set-up, in order to characterize the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); namely, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Lin YS, Egeghy PP, Rappaport SM.Relationships between levels of volatile organic compounds in air and blood from the general population. Pandit G.G., Srivastava P.K., Mahan Rao A.M. Monitering of Indoor Volitile Organic Compounds and Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Arising From Kerosene Cooking Fuel. Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure. Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K, Horiguchi SI, Iguchi H, Uchida Y, et al. Atash F. The deterioration of urban environments in developing countries: Mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran. In summary, our toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes were not the highest concentrations reported in the field. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. 2010. Assessment of variations in benzene concentration produced from vehicles and gas stations in Tehran using GIS. and state of health. Quickly take off clothing that may have benzene on it. No evidence of fetotoxicity was present in developmental toxicity studies at 500 ppm or lower ethylbenzene concentrations. Limit children's exposure to consumer products containing ethylbenzene Exposure to relatively low concentrations of ethylbenzene in air for several months to years causes kidney damage in animals. Therefore, other clean energy alternatives may be exploited and be introduced in these settlements, in order to improve indoor air quality. If you cant avoid touching contaminated areas, or you arent sure where the contaminated areas are, wear rubber gloves or put the clothing in the bag using tongs, tool handles, sticks, or similar objects. The geometric mean in participants 20 years and older in the NHANES 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 subsamples appear similar or slightly below these previously reported values, though differences in methodology and sampled populations may account for slight differences in levels. The study conducted by [32,35,43], have emphasized that infants and children are at greater risk than adults, due to their high metabolic and resting rate compared to adults. No information is available about the effects of exposure to ethylbenzene on children. 04/14/2021. supervised the data analysis process, interpretation, and the presentation of arguments, and assisted in the editing of the manuscript. All four TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and o-xylene) compounds recorded a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of less than 1, indicating a low risk of developing related non-carcinogenic health effects. The study hopes to assist in contributing to knowledge on domestic solid fuel burning technologies, and it might aid in supporting future epidemiological and other studies in South Africa, and in other low-to-medium income countries with domestic coal burning activities, using similar combustion technology. In summary, the use of a high ventilated stove and the TLUD ignition method may not be a useful household indoor air pollution intervention, due to the inherent carcinogenic risk. Therefore, a cancer risk >1 106 and 1 104 means that there are carcinogenic effects of concern, while a cancer risk <1 106 and <1 104 means that there is a designated cancer severity indicator. Mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids are the predominant urinary metabolites and have been used to monitor workplace exposure (Knecht et al., 2000). Ethylbenzene has been extensively tested for toxicity to genetic material and was negative for genotoxicity in all in vivo studies that have been conducted and predominately negative for genotoxicity in in vitro studies. Benzene Benzene is a colorless liquid formed from both human-made activities and natural processes. Household chemicals should be stored out of reach of children to prevent accidental poisoning. Chronic exposure to benzene have been reported in several studies, and reviews indicating the risk of anemia, bone marrow hyperplasia, aplastic anemia, leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia have been shown [24,46,47]. Similar to [67,68], the average concentration for the entire burn cycle was used to calculate the chronic intake concentration. Significant increases in kidney tumors were found in male rats that breathed 750 ppm ethylbenzene, whereas a smaller increase in kidney tumors was also observed in female rats at the same concentration. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Non-specific effects on development (fetotoxicity) were observed in animal studies but at exposure levels that also caused effects in parental animals indicating that developing animals are not more sensitive to toxicity.

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