Mutations in the C-terminal region of TraM provide evidence for In Vivo TraM-TraD interactions during F-plasmid conjugation. Ecological and evolutionary solutions to the plasmid paradox. Once produced (3), TraM autoregulates its own expression through the PM promoter and, in combination with TraY and TraI, forms the relaxosome bound to oriT. Mechanism of plasmid mobilization by conjugation. They identified the helper conjugative plasmids responsible for the dissemination of these plasmids and showed that co-resident plasmids from different MOBQ4 subgroups did not negatively or positively affect their respective abilities to be mobilized. Pumping DNA. In the case of the virulence plasmid pSLT of Salmonella enterica, H-NS repression activity also reportedly depends on Dam (DNA adenine methylase) methylation of the DNA [24]. The mechanisms by which antibiotics affect plasmid transfer remain unclear. Nature. Entry exclusion activity on conjugative plasmid pVT745. Barton et al. Cantas L., Midtlyng P.J., Srum H. Impact of antibiotic treatments on the expression of the R plasmid tra genes and on the host innate immune activity during pRAS1 bearing. Structural biology. The .gov means its official. Indeed, analysis of commensal, environmental, and clinical antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains revealed a multitude of conjugative plasmids that carry one or more genes for resistance to most, if not all, classes of antibiotics currently used in clinical treatments. Whether and how these factors impact the spatial pattern of conjugation within biofilms remain unknown. Serra D.O., Hengge R. Stress responses go three dimensionalThe spatial order of physiological differentiation in bacterial macrocolony biofilms. Forsberg K.J., Malik H.S. Microscopic structure analysis of derepressed IncF plasmid R1drd19- and F-carrying E. coli biofilm showed the rapid formation of a dense and mature 3D mushroom-type biofilm similar to the P. aeruginosa biofilm architecture [275]. Plant rhizospheres are conducive environments for horizontal transmission of plasmids. *Correspondence: Chin-Yi Chen, chin-yi.chen@usda.gov, Plasmid Transfer: Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution, and Applications, View all These results together with previous studies (Gama et al., 2017a,b) suggest that interactions between different plasmids can favor their persistence in bacterial communities. The first gene to be transcribed, traY, encodes the TraY regulator protein that activates the PM promoter, resulting in the production of the relaxosome accessory protein TraM (Figure 2, Step 3) [8]. It was later shown that the leading region contains a specific 328 bp Frpo region (for F plasmid RNA polymerase), which, when single-stranded, can form a stem-loop structure presenting 10 and 35 double-stranded boxes that are recognized by the host RNA polymerase, which initiates the synthesis of RNA primers in vitro [181]. Microbiology (Reading). Further improving our understanding of plasmids and their transfer mechanisms will continue to inform new strategies of bacterial control and offer new avenues for their biotechnological application. Plasmid. Kolodkin A.L., Capage M.A., Golub E.I., Low K.B. Moriguchi K., Zoolkefli F.I.R.M., Abe M., Kiyokawa K., Yamamoto S., Suzuki K. Targeting antibiotic resistance genes is a better approach to block acquisition of antibiotic resistance than blocking conjugal transfer by recipient cells: A genome-wide screening in. Microorganisms. Deonier R.C., Davidson N. The sequence organization of the integrated F plasmid in two Hfr strains of. Lanka E., Wilkins B.M. A soil-based microbial biofilm exposed to 2,4-D: Bacterial community development and establishment of conjugative plasmid pJP4. Biofilms shelter bacteria from external hazards but have also been proposed to offer a niche that facilitates the dissemination of drug resistance determinants by conjugation. The transfer dynamics of. The expression of plasmid genes involved in DNA transfer converts the transconjugant into a new donor that is able to further transfer the plasmid to the population, thus accounting for the exponential rate of conjugative plasmid dissemination (see tra gene expression, Section 2.1). This Research Topic collected a wide range of papers concerning plasmid transfer, including the mechanisms and regulation of conjugative transfer, plasmid maintenance and interactions within a host or in the environment, as well as characterization of plasmids carrying virulence and resistance determinants that could potentially impact public health or agriculture. Garcilln-Barcia M.P., Jurado P., Gonzlez-Prez B., Moncalin G., Fernndez L.A., de la Cruz F. Conjugative transfer can be inhibited by blocking relaxase activity within recipient cells with intrabodies. The specificity of narrow host range plasmids appears to be limited by the specificity of their replicon rather than by their transfer range. Other than the predominant IncF plasmids harboring a blaNDM gene, IncX, IncA/C, IncH and two plasmids of unknown Inc types were described among clinical carbapenem resistant E. coli isolates from China by Zou H. et al.. Fu et al. It occurs after restriction digest and ligation and transfers newly made plasmids to bacteria. An SOS inhibitor that binds to free RecA protein: The PsiB protein. Ebersbach G., Gerdes K. Plasmid segregation mechanisms. Disclaimer. The results revealed that mutations localized in the fourth external loop of the major porin OmpA or those that alter the inner core composition of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affect the transfer of the F plasmid and other IncF-like plasmids, such as R386, R538-1drd, and R1-19, but not the IncFII-type plasmid R100-1 [77,80,81,82]. However, plasmids are clearly selfish genetic elements that are under natural selection to maintain and propagate themselves in bacterial populations. Opin. Conjugative plasmids of enteric bacteria from many different incompatibility groups have similar genes for single-stranded DNA-binding proteins. Transient transcriptional activation of the Incl1 plasmid anti-restriction gene (ardA) and SOS inhibition gene (psiB) early in conjugating recipient. Mahendra C., Christie K.A., Osuna B.A., Pinilla-Redondo R., Kleinstiver B.P., Bondy-Denomy J. Broad-Spectrum anti-CRISPR proteins facilitate horizontal gene transfer. also demonstrated that antibiotics from six major classes had no effect on the conjugation efficiency of plasmids from five different incompatibility groups. A unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain. Selective cloning of Co1E1 DNA initiation sequences using the cloning vector M13 delta E101. Tracking F plasmid TraI relaxase processing reactions provides insight into F plasmid transfer. It is involved in various mechanisms, including DNA replication, repair, and recombination; SOS induction; and other DNA metabolic processes [194,195]. Mutational experiments have shown that this set of proteins can separate into different functions. Plasmids have a key role in bacterial ecology and evolution because they mobilize accessory genes by horizontal gene transfer. Trends Microbiol. FinP is an antisense RNA that is complementary to the stem-loop structures of traJ mRNA. Mating pair stabilization additionally involves the multifunctional inner membrane protein TraG, of which the N-terminal part also plays a role in piliation and surface exclusion [59,88,89,90]. Despite these defense mechanisms, horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in genomic evolution (56% of bacterial genomes and up to 20% in some organisms) [6,162,163], implying that transferrable plasmids have evolved adaptive mechanisms to counteract these host defenses. Gama et al. The conjugation system of F, the fertility factor of. Achtman M., Morelli G., Schwuchow S. Cell-Cell interactions in conjugating, Drrenberger M.B., Villiger W., Bchi T. Conjugational junctions: Morphology of specific contacts in conjugating. Further investigation excluded that TraA is the donor component responsible for specific recognition of the recipient receptors [84] and uncovered the mating pair stabilization function of the outer membrane protein TraN, whose three external loops have been reported to interact with OmpA and LPS [85,86,87]. Surface exclusion genes traS and traT of the F sex factor of. Conjugative plasmids generally carry all the genes required for their maintenance during the vertical transfer from the mother to the daughter cells, as well as the genes necessary for horizontal transfer during conjugation from the donor to the recipient cell. The integrated plasmid can still initiate the conjugative transfer of the whole chromosome of the resulting Hfr strain (high frequency of recombination). It is troubling that antibiotic treatments amplify biofilm formation, increasing the difficulty in healing biofilm-associated infections. views Interestingly, the F plasmid, as in many other conjugative plasmids, encodes its own SSBP protein, which is homologous to the E. coli SSBC [198]. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin is known to repress korA and korB expression, and stimulate plasmid transfer, so perhaps indole could be used to mitigate this effect and decrease horizontal transfer. Honda Y., Sakai H., Komano T. Two single-strand DNA initiation signals located in the oriV region of plasmid RSF1010. Annick Dedieu for proof-reading of the manuscript. In the IncI plasmid pESBL, which is associated with extended-spectrum -lactamase production in Enterobacteria, inactivation of the Hft locus triggered the overexpression of conjugative pili and 20-fold enhancement of the transfer efficiency [30,31]. Multiple plasmid interference-pledging allegiance to my enemy's enemy. Daz A., Lacks S.A., Lpez P. Multiple roles for DNA polymerase I in establishment and replication of the promiscuous plasmid pLS1. The transformation mechanism of P1vir phage-induced plasmid transfer may be due to phage infection or spontaneous awakening of lysogenized phage in plasmid-harboring cells, leading to cell lysis and subsequent intracellular plasmid DNA release in a usable form for transformation. Bagge N., Schuster M., Hentzer M., Ciofu O., Givskov M., Greenberg E.P., Hiby N. Daz-Pascual F., Hartmann R., Lempp M., Vidakovic L., Song B., Jeckel H., Thormann K.M., Yildiz F.H., Dunkel J., Link H., et al. evaluated 11 naturally occurring conjugative plasmids from E. coli and determined their impact on biofilm formation. ; writingreview and editing, S.B. Careers. These findings indicate that ompA and LPS mutations do not alter the conjugation efficiency of the closely related IncFII-type plasmid R100, in which the amino acid sequence of the TraN central region is highly divergent from that of F-encoded TraN [59,77,80]. The TraQ chaperone-like protein binds transiently to the TraA pro-pilin precursor, thus allowing its accumulation in the inner membrane by an ATP-dependent pathway [48] and imparting it with the right conformation for a signal peptide cleavage. TraT production inhibits the formation of stable mating aggregates, presumably by interfering with the interaction between the pilus and recipient surface receptors. It has been suggested that the stability of the TraD oligomeric complex depends on an as yet unidentified F-encoded protein, which could then be a key regulator of plasmid transfer activation [155]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). had a closer look on plasmids of different Inc types carrying a blaCTXM gene originating from Salmonella Enteritidis from Shanghai: blaCTXM55 gene was most commonly found (in 32 of 38 cases) and in several cases flanked by the insertion sequence ISEcp1 and ORF477. 2023 Mar 21;24(6):5919. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065919. The mosaic type IV secretion systems. Characteristics and function of thick and thin conjugative pili determined by transfer-derepressed plasmids of incompatibility groups I1, I2, I5, B, K and Z. Bradley D.E., Taylor D.E., Cohen D.R. These studies revealed that pili fall into two main morphological categoriesthin flexible and thick rigid, which influence the ability to support conjugation in liquid or on a solid surface. Inducing the overexpression of plasmid transfer genes might not be the only way through which superspreader mutations increase the transfer efficiency of conjugative plasmids. Not all genes encoded within the tra region of the plasmid backbone are directly involved in the process of DNA transfer. This work revealed that SSBC proteins are rapidly recruited to the ssDNA that penetrates the recipient cell, presumably protecting it and facilitating its processing (Figure 1, step a). Another feature of plasmids that may influence their prevalence in natural communities, such as those associated with plants, is their ability to modulate biofilm formation of their host bacteria (Ghigo, 2001). McMahon S.A., Roberts G.A., Johnson K.A., Cooper L.P., Liu H., White J.H., Carter L.G., Sanghvi B., Oke M., Walkinshaw M.D., et al. Wang Y.A., Yu X., Silverman P.M., Harris R.L., Egelman E.H. Preventing self-mating by surface exclusion is thought to avoid the metabolic cost and potential cell death associated with repeated plasmid transfer but also to be important for plasmid stability and evolution [62,229]. Our understanding of the molecular interactions required for specific substrate recognition and translocation is still incomplete. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. The activation of this regulatory cascade is modulated by the FinP/FinO complex, which represses the translation of TraJ at the post-transcriptional level. In the mammalian pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, conjugative plasmids and other mobile elements are well known to transfer antibiotic resistance and virulence functions. FOIA Conjugative plasmid transfer is one of the major mechanisms responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. doi: 10.3201/eid2412.180500, De Gelder, L., Ponciano, J. M., Joyce, P., and Top, E. M. (2007). The binding of TraR to the QS molecule 3-oxo-octanoylhomoserine lactone (OOHL) triggers the transcription of the trb and tra operons, resulting in the production of the T4SS and relaxosome proteins. 1. Stalder T., Top E. Plasmid transfer in biofilms: A perspective on limitations and opportunities. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1999;42:7391. Demonstration of transformation mechanism for lateral plasmid transfer. Environ. Two papers in this Research Topic focused on basic characterization of plasmids conferring antimicrobial resistance in the gut microbiota. Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic Rhodococcus challenge disease management. Plasmid promiscuity: Meeting the challenge of DNA immigration control. Dis. described another type of mosaic plasmid from Salmonella Derby formed by excision of a chromosomally located MDR fragment flanked by IS elements. Frost L.S., Simon J. Social behavior and decision making in bacterial conjugation. The matrix shapes the spatial organization by clustering cells in microcolonies in an architecture characterized by nonuniform cell arrangements, open channels, pores, cavities, and different layers of living cells [257,258]. Population density also regulates and affects conjugative transfer. Frpo-type sequences, also termed ssi for single-strand initiation sequence, are found on various conjugative plasmids, including R6K, R100, ColE1, ColE2, Col1B, and RSF1010 [182,183,184,185], and are functionally comparable to sso sequences (single-stranded origin) involved in the rolling circle replication mechanism [123,129,186]. For the well-studied plasmid-based virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in crown gall and related plant diseases, the genes required for virulence are well established and carried on the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. Rapid microevolution of biofilm cells in response to antibiotics. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2212147120. doi: 10.1128/9781555815578.ch3, Kottara, A., Hall, J. P. J., Harrison, E., and Brockhurst, M. A. The mechanism by which the inactivation of the Tir protein enhances transfer efficiency remains to be elucidated. in this issue demonstrated that a plasmid-borne AraC-type regulator called FasR is required for virulence, but not the plasmid genes it is known to regulate that drive cytokinin biosynthesis. Plasmid. Bale M.J., Fry J.C., Day M.J. Plasmid transfer between strains of, Lilley A.K., Bailey M.J. Impact of Plasmid pQBR103 acquisition and carriage on the phytosphere fitness of, Munck C., Sheth R.U., Freedberg D.E., Wang H.H. The authors demonstrated a common plasmid exclusion activity in isolates harboring this SpvB-encoding plasmid for the conjugative delivery of other IncF plasmids. Entry exclusion of the IncN plasmid pKM101 is mediated by a single hydrophilic protein containing a lipid attachment motif. Large-scale mutant screening using the E. coli Keio collection or random E. coli insertion mutant library failed to identify recipient mutants that affect the transfer of the plasmids RP4 [95] or R388 [96]. Schumacher M.A. Plasmid transfer in response to physiological and environmental conditions, such as that mediated by quorum sensing, secondary metabolites, or inducers/inhibitors, is still poorly understood and can be closely tied to the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The lack of a requirement for specific receptors on the surface of the target cell is not an exception to the conjugative T4SS. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.67.2.277-301.2003. investigated Vibrio cholerae biofilm at the community scale using a single-cell imaging system, revealing changes in biofilm dynamics and architecture in response to antibiotic treatment [287]. RCR is key to the transfer process of many Gram-negative and Gram-positive conjugative plasmids but also to the infection cycle of other mobile genetic elements, such as DNA/RNA viruses and bacteriophages [123,131]. The F plasmid is efficiently transferred to E. coli and relatively close enterobacteria, while no transconjugant can be recovered after mating with more distant bacteria, such as Vibrio or Pseudomonas. Biol. The plasmid contains blaCTXM65, which encodes an extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL), conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins used to treat salmonellosis in humans. Lorenzo-Daz F., Fernndez-Lpez C., Garcilln-Barcia M.P., Espinosa M. Bringing them together: Plasmid pMV158 rolling circle replication and conjugation under an evolutionary perspective. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and polarity-dependent studies have ruled out the possibility of electron transfer mechanism. government site. Waters V.L., Guiney D.G. Some plasmids, however, have linear DNA. Coburn P.S., Baghdayan A.S., Craig N., Burroughs A., Tendolkar P., Miller K., Najar F.Z., Roe B.A., Shankar N. A novel conjugative plasmid from, Tendolkar P.M., Baghdayan A.S., Shankar N. Putative surface proteins encoded within a novel transferable locus confer a high-biofilm phenotype to. 6, e30925. Wilkins B.M. New insights into F-pilus structure, dynamics, and function. Falkinham J.O., Curtiss R. Isolation and characterization of conjugation-deficient mutants of, Havekes L.M., Hoekstra W.P. Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.23.7201-7209.1997, Keywords: plasmid, conjugation, mobilization, horizontal gene transfer, Type IV secretion system (T4SS), plasmid transfer, antibiotic resistance, Citation: Chen C-Y, Fuqua C, Jackson CR, Kadlec K and Top EM (2022) Editorial: Plasmid transfer-mechanisms, ecology, evolution and applications. Interestingly, a combination of tetracycline and cephradine has a synergistic effect on the biofilm formation of a mixed culture of E. coli and P. aeruginosa [284]. Plasmids are important carriers of genes involved in virulence, resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals, and metabolism of compounds, among other specialized functions. Chromosome integration is widely used by mobile DNA, such as ICE (Integrative Conjugative Elements), transposons, and phages, in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; all of these systems have their particularities, especially regarding the recombination systems used for their integration/excision [219,220]. Sex pilus originates from the donor and establishes a conjugative bridge (temporary cytoplasmic bridge . The site is secure. Important Note: Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0010-2013, Haemig, H. A. H., and Dunny, G. M. (2008). Gerdes K., Howard M., Szardenings F. Pushing and pulling in prokaryotic DNA segregation. Plasmid. Davison J. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. An example of this is highlighted in a review article of transfer mechanisms and associated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella by McMillan et al. Non-mobile plasmids can be transferred via natural transformation, transduction or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Rev. Transfer via jumping genes: transposons (conjugation). It was then discovered that some phages encode an anti-CRISPR Acr protein that inhibits the activity of the CRISPR-Cas system [175,176]. Growth phase-dependent variation in protein composition of the Escherichia coli nucleoid. Here, we review the key steps of plasmid transfer by conjugation in Gram-negative bacteria, by following the life cycle of the F factor during its transfer from the donor to the recipient cell. Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses QS as a defense mechanism against interspecies conjugation through the production of the QS molecule N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), which is involved in the regulation of mechanisms such as virulence, biofilm formation, and metabolism in the P. aeruginosa population [27]. The FinO protein of IncF plasmids binds FinP antisense RNA and its target, traJ mRNA, and promotes duplex formation. Characterization of the reaction product of the oriT nicking reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA helicase I. Pansegrau W., Ziegelin G., Lanka E. Covalent association of the traI gene product of plasmid RP4 with the 5-terminal nucleotide at the relaxation nick site. performed in vitro DNA binding studies using these purified proteins to identify more details of this complex regulatory mechanism. Comparative analysis of extended-spectrum--lactamase CTX-M-65-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolates from humans, food animals, and retail chickens in the United States. For broad host range IncP plasmids, the korA and korB regulators are well known to impact rates of conjugative transfer (Zatyka et al., 1998). A more widely studied example is the broad host range Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that can transfer between diverse bacteria and is able to even direct horizontal gene transfer to Keywords: Johnston C.D., Cotton S.L., Rittling S.R., Starr J.R., Borisy G.G., Dewhirst F.E., Lemon K.P. We also discuss our current knowledge of the extent and impact of conjugation within an environmentally and clinically relevant bacterial habitat, bacterial biofilms. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. also acknowledges the Schlumberger Foundation for Education and Research (FSER 2019) and the Foundation for Innovation in Infectiology FINOVI (AO-2014) for financial support. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Conjugation was first discovered in 1946 by Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg, who showed that bacteria could exchange genetic information through the unidirectional transfer of DNA, mediated by a so-called F (Fertility) factor [1]. Golub E., Bailone A., Devoret R. A gene encoding an SOS inhibitor is present in different conjugative plasmids. Ishiwa A., Komano T. PilV Adhesins of Plasmid R64 Thin Pili specifically bind to the lipopolysaccharides of recipient cells. 61, e00488e00417. Consistently, it was shown that plasmid invasion stops in non-dividing cells [259]. The conjugation window in an. After tetracycline exposure, they observed modifications in biofilm architecture and cell morphology, including a 2.5-fold increase in cell volume and a 29% decrease in cell density. In addition to the IncF-type, the conjugation process of IncI-type plasmids was also shown to be sensitive to LPS mutations, and interestingly, some LPS mutations that affect IncI plasmid transfer do not impact the entry of the F plasmid, while others affect both types of plasmid [76,92]. The latter study found that the inability of SSBP from IncP-like RK2 to complement the E. coli ssb1 mutation could be attributed to ssbP gene repression by the RK2 kor genes and that a derepressed plasmid indeed complemented the thermosensitive growth of E. coli ssb1 mutations [204]. Undoubtedly, antibiotics play a role that must not be overlooked in the emergence of new multi-resistant pathogenic strains. Christensen B.B., Sternberg C., Molin S. Bacterial plasmid conjugation on semi-solid surfaces monitored with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from. F plasmid; bacterial biofilms; conjugation in Gram-negative bacteria; drug-resistance dissemination; horizontal gene transfer; mobile plasmids; phenotypic conversion. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Gomis-Rth F.X., Moncalin G., Prez-Luque R., Gonzlez A., Cabezn E., de la Cruz F., Coll M. The bacterial conjugation protein TrwB resembles ring helicases and F1-ATPase. Since the traJ promoter is the earliest to be transferred, the relaxase may be expressed in the donor cell after regeneration of the oriT-flanking region and likely to displace the autogenous repressors around oriT. This diversity also indicates that different plasmids might use various regulations, molecular reactions, and strategies to achieve productive conjugational transfer and maintenance. While DNA polymerase III performs leading strand elongation, the parental double helix is unwound, and RCR ends with a second nicking reaction that releases the newly synthesized DNA strand (Figure 1, step v). reported a conjugative tetracycline resistance plasmid pTS14 that proved to be very stable in the host. Stability of a promiscuous plasmid in different hosts: No guarantee for a long-term relationship. Consistently, biochemical assays show that two relaxase molecules bind to oriT: one associated with the 5 end that is in an open transesterase conformation and one associated with the 3 end that is in a closed helicase conformation [135]. Zhong Z., Helinski D., Toukdarian A. Plasmid host-range: Restrictions to F replication in Pseudomonas. Interaction between the T4CP and the relaxase has been demonstrated for RP4 [147], R1 [1] and R388 plasmids [148]. Garcilln-Barcia et al. There is no evidence for the requirement of additional host or plasmid factors in the circularization of the internalized T-strand. In addition to genes located on the plasmid backbone, conjugative plasmids may carry additional genes that are not directly involved in conjugation but in a variety of biological functions, such as virulence, biofilm formation, symbiotic lifestyle, membrane trafficking, resistance to heavy metals, and, most importantly, resistance to antibiotics. The Ti plasmid is conjugative between agrobacteria, and this is regulated by the plant interaction and a quorum sensing system encoded by the Ti plasmid. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). FinO is an RNA chaperon that protects FinP from degradation by RNase E and stabilizes the formation of the FinPtraJ mRNA duplex [14,15,16]. Since this seminal discovery, the identification of a plethora of conjugative elements, including plasmids, conjugative transposons, and integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), has revealed that conjugation is a universally conserved DNA transfer mechanism among Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [2,3]. Host bacteria, likewise, also employ strategies to control the entry, replication, or maintenance of the plasmids. The H-NS copy number per cell varies during growth [20], thus rendering the F plasmid transfer rate growth phase-dependent, i.e., maximum in the exponential phase, reduced in the mid-exponential phase, and mostly abolished in the stationary phase [21,22]. Lu J., Frost L.S. Chandler M., de la Cruz F., Dyda F., Hickman A.B., Moncalian G., Ton-Hoang B. The SOS system: A complex and tightly regulated response to DNA damage. A., Zilho, R., and Dionisio, F. (2017a). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Grissa I., Vergnaud G., Pourcel C. The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats. Frpo was also proposed to direct the single-strand to double-strand conversion of the F plasmid. Recent studies have used microfluidic devices combined with confocal microscopy to monitor real-time plasmid RP4 transfer in mixed P. putida and E. coli biofilms and in activated sludge [302]. Rakowski S.A., Filutowicz M. Plasmid R6K replication control. One might then ask, is the F plasmid an exception to the need for recipient factors in some conditions? Indeed, although the structural components of the type VI secretion system machinery have been widely documented, no studies have yet characterized genetic factors that can act as target receptors on the prey cell surface. Conversely, on the 3' end of the transfer strand, the traJIH operon which encodes the relaxase and other auxiliary proteins of the RP4 plasmid, was upregulated in the donor cells. Regulation of finP transcription by DNA Adenine Methylation in the virulence Plasmid of. Byrd D.R., Matson S.W. Interestingly, the investigations have revealed that the energy transfer . doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00473-18. Lu Y., Zeng J., Wu B., Wang L., Cai R., Zhang N., Li Y., Huang X., Huang B., Chen C., et al. Factors and Mechanisms Influencing Conjugation In Vivo in the Gastrointestinal Tract Environment: A Review. 8600 Rockville Pike The expression of genes carried by the newly acquired genetic element results in the phenotypic conversion of the recipient cell into a transconjugant that exhibits additional metabolic properties (Figure 1, step d). Although it is difficult to correlate biofilm enhancement with a specific plasmid-encoded function, it is clear that many plasmids can have this effect, and thus it may have an impact on their costs and benefits in natural populations. Isolation and characterization of. The helicase activity of the internalized relaxase is thought to perform 5 to 3 tracking of the T-strand. A Streamlined Approach for Fluorescence Labelling of Low-Copy-Number Plasmids for Determination of Conjugation Frequency by Flow Cytometry. This work showed that donor cells produce flexible pili that continuously undergo cycles of extension and retracting, thereby probing the surroundings, regardless of the absence or presence of recipient cells. Lilley A.K., Bailey M.J. The At plasmid exerts a complex synergistic regulatory impact on Ti plasmid conjugation via regulation and shared conjugation gene functions. Kim S., Yun Z., Ha U.-H., Lee S., Park H., Kwon E.E., Cho Y., Choung S., Oh J., Medriano C.A., et al. Madsen J.S., Burmlle M., Hansen L.H., Srensen S.J. Nomura N., Low R.L., Ray D.S. Draper O., Csar C.E., Machn C., de la Cruz F., Llosa M. Site-Specific recombinase and integrase activities of a conjugative relaxase in recipient cells. Experimental approaches have provided a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanism of conjugational DNA transfer, while systematic sequencing has uncovered the extent of conjugation at the ecological scale. 2023 Apr;169(4):001326. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.001326. Liu Z., Que F., Liao L., Zhou M., You L., Zhao Q., Li Y., Niu H., Wu S., Huang R. Study on the promotion of bacterial biofilm formation by a Salmonella conjugative plasmid and the underlying mechanism. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells. Chromosome integration ensures the stable inheritance of the conjugative elements by vertical gene transfer over generations. Nesse L.L., Simm R. Biofilm: A hotspot for emerging bacterial genotypes. Ochman H., Lawrence J.G., Groisman E.A. Edited and reviewed by: Ludmila Chistoserdova, University of Washington, United States. The displayed data aggregates results Furthermore, variations in the spontaneous mutation frequency within parts of the biofilm result in the emergence of variant subpopulations with genetic heterogeneity [262]. . Structural basis of specific TraD-TraM recognition during F plasmid-mediated bacterial conjugation. revealed that in some A. tumefaciens strains, the co-resident megaplasmid (called At) is also conjugative and encodes its own quorum sensing system. (2018). Minkley E.G., Polen S., Brinton C.C., Ippen-Ihler K. Identification of the structural gene for F-pilin. The process whereby plasmids spread among bacteria through cell-cell contact is called conjugation, or conjugative transfer. Ecol. kfr, kor, kle, kla) were strongly induced in the recipient (transconjugant) cells within 10 min of a conjugation event. Following the approach of Althorpe et al. Microbiol. T4CP binds non-specifically to DNA, with a higher affinity for ssDNA [147,153,154], on which it forms oligomers with enhanced ATPase activity [155,156]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In natural environments, bacteria predominantly live in spatially structured communities termed biofilms, in which a self-produced extracellular matrix holds the cells together [237]. Kraushaar B., Appel B., Lanka E., Strauch E. Entry exclusion and oriT of a conjugative system encoded by the cryptic plasmid p29930 of. In another study, Zoolkefli et al. Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Mol. Association of protein with the 5 terminus of the broken DNA strand in the relaxed complex of plasmid ColE1. 1999;2:519523. Anthony K.G., Sherburne C., Sherburne R., Frost L.S. Below, we review our current understanding of the interplay between biofilms and bacterial conjugation. -, Grohmann E., Muth G., Espinosa M. Conjugative plasmid transfer in gram-positive bacteria. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Another growing field is the study of regulatory interactions within a cell between plasmid and chromosome and vice versa. (2014). The R1 conjugative plasmid increases. It is important to remark that most regulation systems act by modulating the cellular levels or activity of the primary activator TraJ. We focus on the first discovered and extensively described F plasmid, which we use as a paradigm to discuss other conjugative systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Casjens S. Prophages and bacterial genomics: What have we learned so far? This Research Topic includes multiple papers on the impact and dissemination of plasmids in bacteria associated with plants. Ilangovan A., Kay C.W.M., Roier S., El Mkami H., Salvadori E., Zechner E.L., Zanetti G., Waksman G. Cryo-EM structure of a relaxase reveals the molecular basis of DNA unwinding during bacterial conjugation. Therefore, to ascertain whether extracellular DNA participates in this lateral plasmid transfer in our cell-mixed culture system, we examined the effect on lateral plasmid transfer . The same approach was employed to show that pCTX-M3, an IncI-like plasmid, was able to use its conjugation machinery to transfer a mobilizable plasmid to host recipients in which pCTX-M3 does not replicate [32]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Haft R.J.F., Gachelet E.G., Nguyen T., Toussaint L., Chivian D., Traxler B. The F plasmid immunity system relies on two factorsTraT and TraS proteins, neither of which is required for F-pilus synthesis or DNA transfer [56,230,231,232]. The single-stranded DNA-binding protein of. Anthony K.G., Kathir P., Moore D., Ippen-Ihler K., Frost L.S. However, in many studies, the increase in conjugation frequency was evaluated using an antibiotic whose resistance gene is carried by the tested conjugative plasmid itself [288,290,291,293,294,299,300]. Bondy-Denomy J., Garcia B., Strum S., Du M., Rollins M.F., Hidalgo-Reyes Y., Wiedenheft B., Maxwell K.L., Davidson A.R. To initiate biofilm formation, planktonic cells produce cell appendages like flagella and adhesion factors such as type IV pili and type 1 and curli fimbriae [268,269]. Harris R.L., Sholl K.A., Conrad M.N., Dresser M.E., Silverman P.M. Interaction between the F plasmid TraA (F-pilin) and TraQ proteins. Combined treatment with the antibiotics kanamycin and streptomycin promotes the conjugation of, Mller T.S.B., Liu G., Boysen A., Thomsen L.E., Lthje F.L., Mortensen S., Mller-Jensen J., Olsen J.E. (iv, v) Transfer of the TraI-bound T-strand in the recipient is concomitant with the conversion of the ssDNA into dsDNA by Rolling Circle Replication (RCR) in the donor. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Schematic diagram of the life cycle of the F plasmid during conjugational transfer from the donor to the recipient cell. J. Bacteriol. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. screened the E. coli knock-out collection (the Keio collection) for mutants in donor chromosomal genes that increased conjugative transfer of IncP plasmids.

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