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Use S bar / C4 instead of r bar /d2. Bruce Williams is Vice President of Pegasystems, the world leader in business process management. We hope you will be able to respond positively to our request. And their example is exactly like what Im currently dealing with. Please suggest. On some processes, you can do this visually. Cpk will be higher only when you r meeting the target consistently with minimum variation. For example, did you know that youre about 2,000 times more likely to reach your destination when you fly than your luggage is? How can I calculate Cp or Cpk in this scenario? Options are 2.00, 1.68, 4.42 or 4.00. 2. Ex. We typically do not use CPk to track these, because our processes require that we measure every part and document our results. Six Sigma Calculator: Make use of this free calculator to check multiple things in one place. (A) The tolerance interval(B) The confidence interval for the result(C) The range of the process(D) The variance of the index. Hard for me to give a straight answer without knowing more details on what kind of analysis you will be looking to do, but here are some thoughts: Since this looks like attribute data (pass / fail), consider treating it like so and forget the scores. Joanna, youve asked a great question and Im going to need to study a bit more before I can answer. Begin with the given, i.e. Thanks. Please post any questions there and away from the public pages. Input areas are shaded in yellow and represent the following: Opportunities = the number of defects possible per unit. Phone 404-875-9211, ext. Hi, I have a specification, which sets 6 limits for a production process. Because there is not a lot of historical data, we take large samples from the process to account for variation. ","slug":"what-is-agile-project-management","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275133"}},{"articleId":275127,"title":"Strategic Approaches to Implementing and Managing Change","slug":"strategic-approaches-to-implementing-and-managing-change","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275127"}},{"articleId":275120,"title":"Steps to Successfully Become an Agile Organization","slug":"steps-to-successfully-become-an-agile-organization","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275120"}},{"articleId":275111,"title":"Agile Project Management: Know Your Customers","slug":"agile-project-management-know-your-customers","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275111"}},{"articleId":274291,"title":"Agile Planning with the Roadmap to Value","slug":"agile-planning-with-the-roadmap-to-value","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274291"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282577,"slug":"six-sigma-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781118120354","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118120353/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118120353/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118120353-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118120353/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118120353/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/six-sigma-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781118120354-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Six Sigma For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"

Craig Gygi is Executive VP of Operations at MasterControl, a leading company providing software and services for best practices in automating and connecting every stage of quality/regulatory compliance, through the entire product life cycle. Bruce Williams is Vice President of Pegasystems, the world leader in business process management. It is not real; there can never be less variation in the long term since the long term is using all of the data, not just two pieces of data from every subgroup. Now I will start my analysis with the baseline sigma. . Thanks very much for the detailed response. Do we need to calculate Pp & Ppk as well in addition to Cp & Cpk? We have a few resources on data sampling techniques and sample size here. Hi Chandana, What do you think would be appropriate and why? Is it acceptable ?? This is your 100% Risk Free option! Required fields are marked *. I have learned that you should calculate Cp and Cpk when your process is stable and take a production run of 30 parts without making any adjustments to the machine. Which is unfortunate. If your Process Mean (central tendency) is closer to the USL, use: [ USL x(bar) ] / [3 * R Bar / d2], where x(bar) is the Process Mean. 4. Why not join up and ask away? How do Cp, Z values, DPMO, Specification Limits, Standard Deviation, and Capability all relate? Southern Regional Education Board what is the connection between their number and our machinery? A friend suggested I check the text Statistical Quality Control by Grant and Leavenworth. Evaluate all changes pertaining to manufacturing and analytical processes. AC Program Manager/Research Associate, School Improvement Lets call that A. Insert 1780 as your LSL. What action you likely to take? USL= Upper Specification Limit A preferred metric is the throughput yield. Also, our lots for this resin run only four or five times a year. can you please give me an example on how to calculate a CPK for attributes in a mfg process. How Starting With a Six Sigma Scorecard Led One Small Company to Significant Increases in On-Time Deliveries, Efficiency, and Profit Within a Year; About . Thats why six is the magic number. Take a look at this quincunx demonstration and youll understand why. Process Performance generally uses sample sigma in its calculation. A good analogy is shooting at a target. Thats why six is the magic number.

So why six and not five sigma? I am thinking of the following: say we have normal distribution data with a given sigma and mean. Step 1 to calculate the standard deviation is to determine the mean of this series: 9+2+5+4+12+7+8+11+9+3/10 = 70/10 = 7 So: x = 7 In step 2, we calculate the difference from the mean for each of the values and square that number (so that it always comes out positive). Lesson Summary Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) Six Sigma is a quality management methodology and tool that is used to reduce the number of defects or errors in a process. Now I want to see if I remove the lower 10th percentile and the top 90th percentile of the data what will happen to my cp and cpk. Our process is one of discrete batches. @Ted Hessing, Could you pls share more insights into the statement where it say if Cpk= Ppk, the process is under statistical control. Thanks in advance. PP and PPk are used for long term data. Can you add a bit more detail? 0,977 0,996 1,005 1,0175 1,025, How many number of batches Require for caculation of Cp & CPk Valules in Anual product quality review. Ive added this to my list of improvements. To do that, we leverage the Moving Range concept from a Moving R Bar chart or an XMR Chart. 100% of candidates who complete my study guide report passing their exam! Six Sigma. I hope you can help to clarify these doubt. are both formula are same? Then Ppk equals PPL and is above 1.33 because the process is far away from the lower spec. Neil DeCarlo was President of DeCarlo Communications. If I run 30 pieces through a new process can I get an accurate CpK and will this tell me if the process is capable the next time I run 3000 pieces? The first one is when the data is discrete. Explore. For reference, see https://www.six-sigma-material.com/Cpk.html. Lets say i have 30 parts to run for getting the CPK data. Six Sigma Calculations To give such numbers meaning, the engineers at Motorola set up a scale to evaluate the quality of a process based on these defect calculations. But if it runs at 93.3-percent compliance, you say that it operates at three sigma.

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Sigma	Percent Defective	Defects per Million
1	69%	691,462
2	31%	308,538
3	6.7%	66,807
4	0.62%	6,210
5	0.023%	233
6	0.00034%	3.4
7	0.0000019%	0.019

If a characteristic operates at three sigma, that means the variation in its performance exceeds acceptable levels 6.7 percent of the time. We want to know the capability of the process . I get 1.17 using min[(82-68)/(24/2) ; (68-54)/(24/2)] may i know wht is the relation between sixsigma tabulated values in ppm to cp&pp. Say I am measuring torque on a part (how much twisting force for it to turn), and the USL is 100 oz-in but the less the better. Think of throwing darts at a dart board and having the center of the bulls eye be the 0,0 on a cartesian plane and the edges being out three units from that center point (we will use the edge of the dartboard or 3 and -3 as our USL and LSL). I m involved in manufacturing of pharma products.Total number batches are 10 and Cpk of assay of batches is 0.97. My question is should not be Cpk=Z/3?, instead for Cp should be Cp=Z/6. Ive read that key characteristic is a deviation within tolerance, but my colleagues consider it for a deviations out of the tolerance. What do you mean by Parental? Others require an equation. To satisfy most customers, we generally want a Cpk of at least 1.33 [4 sigmas] or higher. Because you know that 6 sigmas (or six standard deviations account for nearly all eventualities in a process (assuming normal distribution)), you shouldnt be surprised to see the / 3 because we are looking at only one side of the distribution. Bruce Williams is Vice President of Pegasystems, the world leader in business process management. This tells us nothing about if the process is stable or not. The historical mean is around 1790 with a low standard deviation of 2. Yield = Output / Input. Cp and Cpk are considered short-term potential capability measures for a process. If the nominal (target) is set at the center of the distribution, and the specification limits are set at 3s from the center, then the Cpk is equal to: Question: When calculating the Cp index, what does the standard deviation represent in the formula Cp = (USL LSL) / 6? If the upper value is 2 and the lower is 1, we say it has been shifted to the left. Thanks for answering!! More on Rolled Throughput Yield Formulas. Four or five sigma just didnt provide enough relief from these two constraints. The question is: It evaluates how well the data fits into the specification limits. The Six Fix #007: Dont Let Lack of Motivation Stop You From Passing Your Six Sigma Certification Exam. Can we calculate Cp & Cpk for components batch size of 2 or 3. Pp and PPk are used for Process Performance. Sign up or log in for access. It is important to note that because Cpk uses the minimum function, it will always be equal to or smaller than the Cp for the same set of data. Ive learned a lot These last days reading you blog A perfectly centered process is a process that has a mean exactly in between the 2 specification limits (meaning halfway between the two will have a Cpk of 1. (every data of the 250 value is a subgroup itself) I am attempting to fill out a feasibility commitment for a product that has not been made before. For example , if a dimension is a key characteristic of a product , we have USL and LSL from the drawing. Question: Data being used in the initial set-up of a process is assumed to have a normal distribution. Trying to get my hands on a copy now. My question is, how far apart can they be where one can say if the process is stable or unstable. This is because the aim is to produce as close as possibble to the upper spec. Cp and Cpk measure your consistency compared to your average performance. Cpk can have an upper and lower value reported. The term Six Sigma comes from the statistical basis of the approach and methodology used to address quality concerns: the roll-up of characteristic behaviors and the natural increase in variation in each characteristic over the long term. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9792"}},{"authorId":9793,"name":"Neil DeCarlo","slug":"neil-decarlo","description":"

What the originators of Six Sigma discovered is that when they worked to have each critical characteristic in the system the product, the service, the transaction perform at a Six Sigma level, the risk of the individual characteristics being incorrect was small enough (0.00034 percent or 3.4 defects per million opportunities) that the overall system still performed at an exceptional level when all the parts were assembled together.

And even when long-term effects inevitably entered into each characteristic, the overall system performance remained high. In such case also Cpk will be lower, but Cp will be high. Cpk=0.78 Craig Gygi is Executive VP of Operations at MasterControl, a leading company providing software and services for best practices in automating and connecting every stage of quality/regulatory compliance, through the entire product life cycle. But, with every part produced, the dimension goes down because of the tool wear and I cannot make a run of 30 parts without making adjustments. Sometimes, the new people were added and will be added overtime. What is the Ppk of a process with a spread of 24 units, an average of 68, an upper limit of 82 and a lower limit of 54? Great, clear, concise video on this subject. It will certainly help force the equation. If a process is perfectly centered, it has a Cp of 1. Move the mean and reduce the variation, My current CPK value oscilatted between 1.37 to 1.88 cpk. Scrap Rate = 20/ 400 * 100% = 5%. Z USL = USL Process Mean / Standard Deviation. The Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) and the state of Ohio are partnering in the development of an Automated Materials Joining Technology (AMJT) curriculum for high school students. All Course All Courses Project Management We are a resin compounder. How Large Should a Data Sample Be? Because there is not a lot of historical data we take large samples from the process to account for variation. I needed some clarity on whether I had to do complete process capability studies or a simple process performance would do during PPAP. This is a long article, but I thought it was important to keep Cp and Cpk together. Generally you use this when a process is too new to determine if it is under statistical control. ?????? Yes, Parag. If you want to compare the different populations against each other, consider a MANOVA. This breakdown may be an invoicing process that goes longer than the companys allowed time limit. The final sentence also implies that Cpk can be higher than Cp, which is not true. Or any other method will be used ? If youre studying for something else, please leave a comment or contact me and let me know what you are studying for. If you have a Z value, the equation is very easy; Cpk can be determined by dividing the Z score by three. 592 Tenth Street, N. W. Hi, first of all: thanks for the article! Yes, I can tell you, but lets reason it out together. Cpk is also =/= 1 just because the process is perfectly centered. For example, if a critical characteristic is defective 31 percent of the time, you say that this characteristic operates at two sigma. The SPC software that we use is Proficient by InfinityQS, and so far as Ive seen, it wont even calculate a Cpk unless all values are present (Xbar, sigma, USL, LSL). The complex products for which this method originated had enough characteristics rolled together and enough long-term degradation that only six would do. Am I thinking about this correctly? Unsubscribe at any time. Fax 404-872-1477 RTY Calculator download. The process capability index, or process capability ratio, is a statistical measure of process capability: the ability of an engineering process to produce an output within specification limits. Are you asking which d2 value to choose if you have multiple subgroups of varying size? I also set a bandwidth that the staffs who scored more than 90 percentage were good and less than 90% was bad. We won't send you spam. Colour index LSL= Lower Specification Limit What Is Six Sigma: Six Sigma (6) is an established framework that employs a data-driven approach to reduce defects, ensure quality control, enhance management, eliminate waste, improve service delivery, and manage other operational activities. I originally created SixSigmaStudyGuide.com to help me prepare for my own Black belt exams. Calculate the sigma level of your process with this calculator. Sabarish, can you show your calculation here? DPU = 150/50 = 3. Your yield here would be 145,500 minus 250, divided by 145,500. In the middle of the process, one of my parts was failed the result, 1/30 part. These companies then had a method for competing at a whole new level on the global market. Menu. Your email address will not be published. Cpk and Ppk values will differ distinctly, perhaps by a very wide margin. Basically, Six Sigma is the application of mathematical formulas and methods to remove defects & product variations. My fundamental question is one around effectiveness vs efficiency. We must report the lower of the 2 values. Move the mean Ted, An opportunity on the other hand is the total number of the probability for a failing. What percentage of the packages produced by this process is estimated to be below the specification limit? For instance, if your dataset included 7.2, 7.5, 7.8, 8.1, 8.3, 8.6, 8.8 and 9.2, you can add those values to get 65.5. I am working with a CNC machine and wish to calculate its capability to hold the tolerance. Thanks for the question! Cp=1 He is an operations executive and internationally recognized Lean Six Sigma thought leader and practitioner. subgroup 1 has 5 elements, 2 has 4, 3 has 5?). The values forCpk andPpk will converge to almost the same value because the sigma and the sample standard deviation will be identical (use an F test to determine). Please try again. He is an operations executive and internationally recognized Lean Six Sigma thought leader and practitioner. Cpk= Process Capability Index The values for Cpk and Ppk will converge to almost the same value because sigma and the sample standard deviation will be identical (use an F test to determine). which parameter can be consider for calculating Cp and CpK value for parenteral from below, Learn how your comment data is processed. The Shooting at a Target Analogy Atlanta, GA 30318-5776 Bruce Williams is Vice President of Pegasystems, the world leader in business process management. He is a leading speaker and presenter on business and technology trends, and is co-author of Six Sigma Workbook for Dummies, Process Intelligence for Dummies, BPM Basics for Dummies and The Intelligent Guide to Enterprise BPM. Methodology Six Sigma Standard Deviation: 6 Steps to Calculation The Standard Deviation of a set of data describes the amount of variation in the data set by measuring, and essentially averaging, how much each value in the data set varies from the calculated mean. He is an operations executive and internationally recognized Lean Six Sigma thought leader and practitioner. Remember the Car parking in the garage analogy? This often happens with a mature process that has been around for a while. The Six Fix #008: Process Improvement in a Furniture Factory ?? (Answer is 12) James J. Berto To calculate DPMO, you would use this formula: If your organization does not produce a large volume of output, you can also calculate defects per thousand opportunities, or defects per hundred opportunities by multiplying by the appropriate number. In this article, we go in depth to explain basic data types, scales, and the language of six sigma. I have a doubt about the table under the Capability Index paragraph. Ive added this as a question in the Pass Your Six Sigma Green Belt question set. How to Calculate Sigma in Excel (3 Effective Methods) Zehad Rian Jim Jan 23, 2023 0 Get FREE Advanced Excel Exercises with Solutions! In Cp, we replace s with an estimate of we call r. Min((0- -3)/3s , (3-0)/3s) = (3- -3)/6s = 1s . We buy prime or recycled resin as a raw material and add modifiers/colorants to produce custom resins for injection molders. Bruce Williams is Vice President of Pegasystems, the world leader in business process management. How is this possible? Lsl =42 You can send me the article even better for me, as you propose. My first question was about how to determine d2 for multiple subgroups of varying size, i.e. Cpk tells you the relationship between the cars size, the garages size, and how far away from the middle of the garage you parked the car.. To be honest, Ive never encountered that term. 1. units (the processwidth). Reduce the variation Special design characteristics have a very small tolerance band, thus the CPk value will be naturally low. Ppk tells us how a process has performed in the past, and you cannot use it to predict the future because the process is not in a state of control. If you go past those limits, you will crash, and the customer will not be happy! Larger is better. If you have a process that is in control and with little variation, you should be able to park the car easily within the garage and thus meet customer requirements. The Six Fix #010:Leveraging DMAIC in Health Care, The Six Fix #009:The Fastest Way to Pass a Six Sigma Exam. year, 17 to 34 deaths attributed to hospital errors each year. Besides , according to the Central Limit Theorem , we can easily calculate the estimated failure rate. Think of the walls of your garage where you have to fit your car they become the customer specification limits. When the Cr >1, the process is not capable. See this article on Ppk calculation. Hi Pavel, it was calculated using a Z Score. =Standard Deviation (normal probability. In general case , we often say that the yield is 95% and maybe sigma level Z= XXXX , do you know what is their relationship? Even if the milestone of Six Sigma is never reached, the act of working toward that goal drives breakthrough changes. Overtime I've grown the site to help tens of thousands of Six Sigma belt candidates prepare for their Green Belt & Black Belt exams. If Cpk is less than 1, action shall be taken to review and correct the product process. Any idea why the idea is supposed to be 4.00? To give your parking process the best chance of success, you should reduce variation and centering. It was a good way to explain all these terms. weight per ml I prepare the BB IASSC certification. quality? Cp is an abbreviation. Now I have the data history for the last one year. in several references, I find that it represents the number of measures by the subgroup. I have problems in calculating the Cpk/ Ppk for a special case: My specification limits are: 1600 1800. 3-each measurement greater than 7.6 then Rejectable Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. This tutorial will demonstrate how to calculate sigmain Excel. Let us have a look at the formula for calculating DPU. What are you left with? Cp is the ratio of the spec range over the sample std dev. This value gives us an accurate, long-term, view of the efficiency of the process. Now, you should judge your yield against the standard baseline (99.99966%) for Six Sigma success. Instead of showing, or calculating your process to show you are extremely Skewed (95 Sigma away from your Lower Specification Limit) and only 5 Sigma from your Upper Specification limit. That would indicate that mean was 3 standard deviations away from the upper limit and the lower limit. Usl =42,4 Dear Sir, I wish to sign up to your newsletter. It links Cp and Z, and there is a constant Cp=Z/3. Evaluating process capability with Cp & Cpk mirrors what is done (and why it is done) when following the Pp & Ppk approach. See some more on the relationship between Process Capability and Z scores here: https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/z-score-and-process-capability/, Then, see how to do the equation by following the examples here: https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/z-scores-z-table-z-transformations/. Depending on your use, you might consider an EWMA chart. A z score is the same as a standard score; the number of standard deviations above the mean. Lets check the math.. the DPMO value and the sigma level. thank you. examine the relationship between z scores and process capability here. Their equations are: Cpl = (Process Mean LSL)/(3*Standard Deviation)Cpu = (USL Process Mean)/(3*Standard Deviation), Cpk is merely the smallest value of the Cpl or Cpu denoted: Cpk= Min (Cpl, Cpu). We can square n each time and sum the result: . And if we can transfer yield to sigma level . when a process is too new to determine if it is under statistical control. Cpk and Centered Processes Cpk Upper = USL Mean / 1/2 of natural tolerance Therefore; the DPU in this example is equal . GreyCampus is the leading provider of Lean Sigma bootcamps. Evaluate if any repeated OOS/OOT results are being logged. Cp = 1 when they are equal, and can be far greater than 1. This breakdown may be an invoicing process that goes longer than the companys allowed time limit. I want to calculate the Cpk of a set of data where the target is offset from zero. RTY Calculation and examples with visual aids. Thanks a lot! defines Key functional characteristics as, Calculating capability indices with one specification, https://www.six-sigma-material.com/Cpk.html. 1. = 100% - [Scrap Rate] EX: 20 parts with critical errors in random sample of 400 parts. Process Spread vs. Specification Spread Thats because airline safety operates at a level higher than Six Sigma, while baggage reliability operates at about four sigma.

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99% Good (3.8 Sigma)	99.99966% Good (Six Sigma)
20,000 lost articles of mail per hour	7 articles of lost mail per hour
Unsafe drinking water for almost 15 minutes per day	1 unsafe minute of drinking water every seven months
5,000 incorrect surgical operations per week	1.7 incorrect surgical operations per week
2 short or long landings at major airports every day	1 short or long landing at major airports every five years
200,000 incorrect drug prescriptions each year	68 incorrect drug prescriptions each year
No electricity for almost 7 hours each month	One hour without electricity every 34 years
11.8 million shares incorrectly traded on the NYSE every\nday	4,021 shares incorrectly traded on the NYSE every day
3 warranty claims for every new automobile	1 warranty claim for every 980 new automobiles
48,000 to 96,000 deaths attributed to hospital errors each\nyear	17 to 34 deaths attributed to hospital errors each year

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Craig Gygi is Executive VP of Operations at MasterControl, a leading company providing software and services for best practices in automating and connecting every stage of quality/regulatory compliance, through the entire product life cycle. The term Sigmarepresents the Standard Deviation which is a measurement of the scattering of a set of values from their mean. Mikes approach to disregard the 1600 LSL and instead use your process mean is interesting. This breakdown may be an invoicing process that goes longer than the companys allowed time limit. Using this partial Z Table, how many units from a months production run are expected to not satisfy customer requirements for the following process? Four or five sigma just didnt provide enough relief from these two constraints.

The systems and environments of transactional and service companies now adopting Six Sigma are often less complex; they dont have as many critical characteristics coming together, so they dont necessarily need to have each critical characteristic operating at Six Sigma. We sometimes refer to this as the Voice of the Process. if we have DPMO: defects per million opportunities. If you remove the tails, do you still have the same mean? Do they help? Ive added this as a question in the Pass Your Six Sigma Green Belt question set. Z-scores are calculated using standard deviations, which you also say in that section and immediately following ones. you are piloting a new process or testing a short pre-production run. The term Six Sigma comes from the statistical basis of the approach and methodology used to address quality concerns: the roll-up of characteristic behaviors and the natural increase in variation in each characteristic over the long term. This is a great question. 1. Cpk= Minimum of {Cpu & Cpl} And even when long-term effects inevitably entered into each characteristic, the overall system performance remained high. If the car is a lot smaller than the garage, it doesnt matter if you park it exactly in the middle; it will fit, and you have plenty of room on either side. Some sites suggests the question is incomplete, but I think it is complete, just incorrect options and answer. how can i do that. In these cases, four or five may actually do.

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