See Table 1.1 for a brief comparison of quantitative and qualitative research. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. According to the second mechanism, at lower temperatures, the hydrogen that is generated can reform into the separated tar components and inhibit the repolymerisation reaction of their molecules. 0000003800 00000 n Feng, L.; Dong, M.; Wu, Y.; Gu, J. The tar started to rise from the coal, and the water started to evaporate from the sand upon which the block of coal had been placed. Innovative hermodynamic underground coal gasification model for coupled synthesis gas quality and tar production analyses. The analysis of the siderite was carried out at the Silesian Interdisciplinary Education and Research Centre in Chorzw. To disseminate policy debates and research results to a wide audience of At the reactor inlet, outlet, and in the scrubber, Pt100 resistance sensors were used. The moisture content in the surroundings of the gasified block of coal had a significant impact on the gasification process, because the water reacted with the glowing coal and produced large amounts of process gas that was rich in hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Klebingat, S. Development, Validation and Scenario Analyses of Two Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Model Approaches Focussing on Gas Quality-Tar Production Control and Tar Pollutant-Water Solubility Risk Prognoses. The underground coal gasification (UCG) process consists of the reaction of underground coal with gasifying agents such as oxygen, air, and/or steam, which, at high temperatures, results in a gas containing mainly hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. Kaiser, M.; Wanzl, W. Characterization And Comparison Of Liquid Products From Coal Pyrolysis In Laboratory And Process Development Units. The very high benzene content, both in the BTEX group and in the whole tar, confirms the occurrence of thermal cracking processes. 2023. Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life, Explore hundreds of books and reference titles. Theresearchercan interact directly through theinterviewor through participation in activities in thecommunityhe studies. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions 2023; 16(6):2777. It tends to assume that facts are absolute and true which leads to generalize to all people alike all the time in the same way. Wiatowski, M. An Experimental Study on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Tar Formed during Ex Situ Coal Gasification. The operationalization is essential to identify the measurable elements that define the variables that interact, establishing the empirical referents or terms within it. These errors result from the inaccuracy in the measurements of the sample suction time, the process gas flow rate, the volume of the eluents used, and the accuracy of the analytical methods. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. This means that the tar yield from the UCG process was approximately 2.53.3 (3x on average) times lower than that of the coke oven tar. (Note that pure qualitative research will follow all of the paradigm characteristics of qualitative research shown in the right column of Table 2.1.) For this reason, the nature of quantitative research is descriptive and necessarily both the subject and its variables and elements of the problem must be able to be defined, measured or translated into numbers. Over the three-day gasification test of a large coal block with oxygen in atmospheric pressure conditions, the yield and composition of the tar collected was investigated. Please note, currently the video quick-keys only work when focus is on the video player. Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. In what follows, I will first summarize each and then briefly discuss them with reference to the use of effect sizes. while qualitative research focuses on lived experiences and human perceptions (Polit and Beck, 2012). ; Boyd, R.M. Table 1: Quantitative and qualitative research snapshot Qualitative Quantitative General overview Seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena Seek to explore phenomena Instruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions Use highly structured methods such as questionnaires, surveys, and 1126. Wiatowski, M.; Kapusta, K.; Staczyk, K. Analysis and characteristics of tars collected during a pilot-scale underground coal gasification (UCG) trial. As ethane is released during the cracking of the tar, the increase in ethane during these time intervals indicates the occurrence of cracking processes in the tar produced. Sand, with a moisture content of 11%, was used as an insulating material to simulate the environment of the gasified coal seam . 0000001218 00000 n An example of a pyrolysis reaction can be the thermal decomposition of toluene. The ex situ coal gasification studies presented in the article were aimed at identifying this problem to a significant extent. The weights of the coal, siderite, and wet sand that were used were 2300 kg, 150 kg, and 7900 kg, respectively. Apparatus for Opening Ports in Gas Pipes in Underground Gasification of Coal. Results of the Centralia underground coal gasification field test. Dong, M.; Feng, L.; Zhou, Q.; Zhou, S.; Xu, X.; Qin, B. Spatial and temporal evolution of tar during ex-situ underground coal gasification. They tend to be deep studies of small groups of people with whom the hypothesis is established, to describe in depth a phenomenon, social reality, culture, behavior or experience. This could be possible if this iron was dispersed in the gasified coal. Different approaches to research encompass both theory and method. The prepared coal block was placed inside the reactor on a 0.2 m thick wet sand layer. It is assumed that the possible inaccuracies of the results presented in this work result from the imprecise determination of hydrocarbon concentrations in tar samples taken into sorption tubes. During each experiment, measurement errors are made, the magnitude of which depends on the accuracy of the analytical methods that are used, the accuracy of the measuring apparatus, the methodology that is used to conduct the experiment, and the sampling used for the analysis. of the Journals Editorial Board. The review highlighted the emotional impact of diagnosis in adulthood, limited provision of formal support and inconsistencies in access and processes (Huang et al., 2020). SAGE Video. Hu, E.; Zeng, X.; Ma, D.; Wang, F.; Yi, X.; Li, Y.; Fu, X. Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Xi, J.; Linag, J.; Sheng, X.; Shi, L.; Li, S. Characteristics of lump lignite pyrolysis and the influence of temperature on lignite swelling in underground coal gasification. ; Strakhov, V.M. At this time, the heavier components of the tar were released from the coal, which changed their composition due to the intensification of the secondary processes taking place under the influence of the rapidly rising temperature. The results of the ex situ coal gasification presented in the article show that, during this process, tar was released with different intensities, and its efficiency and composition depended on the gasification parameters. For The trend line for the changes in the amount of obtained water, shown in, The concentrations of the individual tar components are shown in, Phenols, whose concentrations are shown in, Based on the results that were obtained, the concentrations of the individual compounds in the groups were summed and presented as total concentrations of the BTEX, PAHs, and phenols. The total mass of these compounds was 6.55 kg. The results of the calculations are presented in, Based on the data on the yields of the analysed components of the tar and their molecular weights, graphs of their changes in molar mass and H/C ratio during the gasification process were prepared. The information collected is not numerical nor can it be defined with scales. In the lower part of the block of coal, a fire channel with a cross-section of 0.1 0.1 m was cut out along its entire length. This was most likely the result of the gasification zone moving closer to the wet sand. Above 800 C, the equilibrium gas concentrations (steam, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen) do not change significantly [, The water that takes part in the gasification process can influence the composition and quantity of the tar obtained. Ashok, J.; Kawi, S. NickelIron Alloy Supported over IronAlumina Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Biomass Tar Model Compound. The analysis of the coal and sand was carried out in the certified laboratory at Silesian Technical University, according to Polish standards. If we look for a precise definition of qualitative research, and specifically for one that addresses its distinctive feature of being "qualitative," the literature is meager. Perkins, G.; Toit, E.; Cochrane, G.; Bollaert, G. Overview of underground coal gasification operations at Chinchilla, Australia. [. Qualitative research strategies. The researcherapproaches the subjects he wants to study and shares his daily life with them, in some cases conducting interviews to inquire about theiremotions,ideasand expectations. 0000048915 00000 n The high content of the BTEX compounds, especially benzene, was a result of secondary processes taking place in the tar (hydrocracking and steam reforming), and as a result of which, in the presence of hydrogen and steam, the heavier components of the tar were transformed into lighter ones. The component of the BTEX group with the lowest boiling point was benzene at 80.1 C. When comparing the tar yield from the UCG process with the tar yield from a classic coal coking process, it should be taken into account that the coke oven tar yield is approximately 3.55% of the weight of the coked coal. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Video, 00:11:35. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529624298. Political Science with a focus on European Studies. According to the first mechanism, at higher temperatures, the presence of steam increases the rate of the decomposition of the heavier components of the tar (cracking), resulting in an increase in its yield and a decrease in its molecular weight. During this time, the process gas stream started to increase, and at the same time, the concentrations of the hydrogen, methane, ethane, and carbon monoxide also started to increase. A description of the gasification stages is presented in, The coal gasifying agent was 99% pure oxygen taken from a cylinder bundle. Anonymity and confidentiality between the parties may present problems in determining the results. Robson (2002, p43) noted that there has been a paradigm war between constructivists and positivists. Qualitative researchis inductive because it does not start from general laws or principlesthat apply to particular cases but, on the contrary, is dedicated to collecting data from which it can later make generalizations. Light aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), phenols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the tar. The first column contains the topic to be reported on, which might be used to structure an article's section headings or might be de-scribed in a narrative format. The Qualitative and quantitative research Are two types or approaches of data collection and analysis to seek the understanding or explanation of a phenomenon. In connection with the error in the tar composition measurements, the errors in the molecular weight of the tar and the H/C ratio are also estimated to not exceed 30%. At high temperatures in the reactor, the water is transformed into steam, which reacts with the coal and produces water gas (CO + H. In the case of excess steam, a second process takes place in parallel: The reaction described by Equation (1), which produces both carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is one of the most important reactions within coal gasification. you can save clips, playlists and searches, Navigating away from this page will delete your results. The volumes of the tar vapours were neglected in the calculations, because they constituted 0.050.15% of the combined volumes of the produced gases and water vapour. Each issue is organised around a particular theme, with emphasis on commissioned Qualitative researchers typically collect data through methods such as interviews, observations, focus groups, and other techniques that allow for detailed exploration of peoples experiences and perspectives. Wilderdom. Depending on the phenomena the researcher encounters, he can hypothesize and correct concepts as he goes along. Its elemental composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) from a ZSX Primus II Rigaku spectrometer, and the results were recalculated into oxides. Cristina Hughes. Hildebrandt, R. Sposb rozruchu georeaktora podziemnego zgazowania wgla. Present Data in Tables, Graphs, or Figures 5. This is because, during the process, the gasification zone was expanding, which meant that subsequent amounts of coal were gasified, producing new amounts of tar. ; Brandenburg, C.F. Compared to a quantitative research, the advantages of a qualitative research are: Allows communication with the subjects studied. In the produced tar, the concentrations of the BTEX and phenol compounds decreased, while the concentration of the PAH compounds increased, and then decreased again between 1534 h. As a result, the molecular weight of the tar increased, and the H/C ratio was lowered. data obtained through qualitative research to be more trustworthy and informative. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8193 233 p. 27 cm. What Is Qualitative Research? 1 A Word From Verywell Qualitative and quantitative methods both play an important role in psychology. At the outlet, the temperatures were approximately 30 C lower (. Features of the change in molecular weights, elemental composition, and zeta potential of organic matter during fractionation from 8 m to 100 kDa were found. Request Permissions. The estimation of the amount of tar that was obtained is also flawed, because it was based on the analysis of 33 specific compounds (from the BTEX, phenol, and PAH groups), while the actual number of the chemical compounds that have been identified in tar is much higher, and amounts to several thousand. For this purpose, the ratio (in percentage) was calculated from the area of the peaks corresponding to the analysed compounds, divided by the sum of the areas of all the peaks obtained in the spectrum. Wang, Z.; Liang, D.; Li, Y.; Tian, H.; Liang, J. Pyrolysis characteristics of large-scale bituminous coal. Tar reforming using the supported potassium carbonate. The mass flow of these groups in the process gas and their mutual proportions were also calculated. Eff. They are epistemology, theoretical perspectives, methodology, and methods (Crotty, 1998). Since the gasification area at the initial stage of the process was small and the temperature at the ignition site was high (10001200 C), the tar formed quickly and underwent cracking. Your goal of conducting the study is to collect and analyze numerical data that will produce an unbiased result, represent a larger population and explain a particular observation. Ethics in Psychological Assessments PaperNS.docx, Social Issues and Solutions and Community Assessment Report .docx, 330 OLIGOPOLY Ch 27 she herself will sell q 2 after taking this information into, Cerrato v. Nutribullet, LLC Case Brief.docx, AYHA ELGIZOULI - Activity_ Which Element Am I.pdf, The interpretation of non verbal communication may differ due to difference in, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND DATA RESULTS 3 consequently includes classes, Interactive Read Aloud & Reflection .docx, Projecting_Disability_Course_Syllabus.pdf, A nurse is feeding a patient who is experiencing dysphagia Which nursing, is their strategy for doing so What are the competitors major strengths and, RN 2019 Adult Medical Surgical ATI Proctored Exam 2022-11.pdf. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. On the contrary, they are defined by people within a context. The tar yield was 12.3 kg per ton of coal, which accounted for 1.23% of the total mass of the gasified coal. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly The moisture content in the sand, determined in accordance with the PN-G-04511:1980 standard, was 11.0%. It tends to associate this type of research with the scientific method because it presents the data as absolute and verifiable facts, which leads to think that its results are indisputably valid representing the reality without margin of error. sign in or create a profile so that you can create alerts, save clips, playlists and searches. [. Quantitative and qualitative research designs differ in terms of their epistemo logical, theoretical . Its calorific value was 22.719 MJ/kg. trailer It is different from deductive reasoning, which draws aconclusionabout a particular casefrom a general law. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. These tar cracking processes were favoured by the long residence time of the tar in the reactor during this period of time. Login or create a profile so that The prime aims of the European Journal of Education are: James Neill (2007). Quantitative research employs the use of numbers and accuracy. In addition tostudying processes in society, the researcher takes into account the way his own research progresses. Qualitative research is a method used mainly in thesocial sciencesto study human phenomenathat require complex analysis for their understanding. 53 0 obj <> endobj Qualitative research is often exploratory and interpretive, seeking to understand and make sense of complex phenomena rather than testing specific hypotheses. It differs from quantitative research, which looks for measurable and comparable data such as percentages, quantities, and probabilities. Facilitates a horizontal relationship with the investigated groups. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Social Research (online document). Compared to quantitative research, the disadvantages of qualitative research are: No universal generalization can be made from research results. 6: 2777. Qualitative researchtakes into account all the participants of an eventand all the factors involved, regardless of whether they participate from a central or peripheral place. Have you created a personal profile? The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the accrue from both quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative research does not usually allow statistical analysis. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Qualitative Research: Definition and Principles. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Klebingat, S.; Kempka, T.; Schulten, M.; Azzam, R.; Manuel Fernndez-Steeger, T.M. Title. The gasification agent was supplied on one side of the channel, and the gaseous gasification products were led outside on the other side. At the same time, in the process gas, the concentration of the sum of the compounds from the BTEX group almost doubled, and the flux of those compounds tripled. This is not the summary amount of the tar produced, because only a part of the compounds present in the tar was determined, so the total yield should be higher. Within a context ; Azzam, R. 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Characterization and comparison of Liquid products from coal in! Please let us know what you think of our products and services gasified coal, T.M these groups in tar... Journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers profile to access the email feature universal generalization can be made research... What follows, I will first summarize each and then briefly discuss them reference... Ton of coal, which looks for measurable and comparable data such as,... Model Compound the way his own research progresses of effect sizes as he goes along empirical referents or within... Gasification stages is presented in, the researcher encounters, he can hypothesize correct! Polish standards ) noted that there has been a paradigm war between constructivists and positivists hundreds books... Light aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) were determined in the certified Laboratory at Silesian Technical University according! Accounted for 1.23 % of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Circular! 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