Front Immunol 6:328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00328, Liang T, Zhang R, Liu X, Ding Q, Wu S, Li C, Lin Y, Ye Y, Zhong Z, Zhou M (2021) Recent Advances in Macrophage-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems. These new blood vessels are leaky as they have large pores that lead to poor perm-selectivity of tumor blood vessels compared to the normal blood vessels [29, 30]. Jou AF reported a two-step sensing platform for sensitive detection of miR-141, a promising biomarker for prostate cancer. To prepare UCNP-Gd-RGD, the amine-functional upconversion nanoparticle core is PEGylated, followed by Gd(3+) DOTA conjugation and RGD labeling. PEGylation of various nanoparticles, such as AuNPs and QDs, results in a longer circulation time in the blood, as well as slow accumulation in the liver and spleen [100]. Anisotropic particles exhibit an enhancement in circulation time, possibly because anisotropic nanoparticles are less likely to permeate endothelial gaps in the liver in the range of hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. This worked by downregulating anti-apoptotic gene expression while inhibiting ABC transporter markers [141]. The first macromolecule to be reported to accumulate in the tumor was poly(styrene-co-maleic acid)-neocarzinostatin (SMANCS) by Matsuura and Maeda [27]. Oseledchyk, A.; Andreou, C.; Wall, M. A.; Kircher, M. F., ACS NANO, (2017) 11, 1488. A.; Kleinerman, E. S.; Li, S., CANCER RES, (2014) 74, 1645. Methods Mol Biol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.011, Bates DO, Hillman NJ, Williams B, Neal CR, Pocock TM (2002) Regulation of microvascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors. Drug resistance can be classified into two types: 1) innate and 2) acquired [119]. DNA-based nanostructures have been synthesized for DNA sensors to detect nucleic acid, DNA-coated gold NPs for lead sensing by hybridizing Pb-activated DNAzyme to the linking DNA, scaffolds to organize organics, inorganic, and biomolecules into distinct morphology molecular transporters, and drug delivery (Table 1). https://doi.org/10.1021/bc0000637, Gary-Bobo M, Hocine O, Brevet D, Maynadier M, Raehm L, Richeter S, Charasson V, Loock B, Morre A, Maillard P, Garcia M, Durand JO (2012) Cancer therapy improvement with mesoporous silica nanoparticles combining targeting, drug delivery and PDT. They are colloidal nanocarriers (1100nm) made up of a phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water [79]. Besides suppressing anti-apoptotic factors, triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated drug resistance. For instance, a combination of ceramide and paclitaxel is a good example [135]. The human body is made up of thousands of tiny lymphatic vessels that ferry white blood cells and proteins around the body, like a superhighway of the immune system. This type of targeting is called ligand-mediated targeting [41]. Biomaterials 178:302316. Nat Nanotechnol 2(12):751760.https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.387, Kamaly N, Xiao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC (2012) Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation. Schematic illustration of nanotechnology applications in cancer diagnosis. NPs containing HIF-1 siRNA can be used to reduce hypoxia-mediated drug resistance [144]. This is also used to treat nodal metastases in prostate and testicular cancer and was approved by FDA in June 2009 [106, 107]. Silica NPs are commonly used to deliver genes by functionalizing the NP surface with amino-silicanes [117]. The authors would like to thank Michael R. Stallcup for proofreading. Similarly, the temperature-sensitive NPs release the drugs in the target site due to changes in temperature brought in by sources like magnetic fields and ultrasound waves. These Smart-Flares were able to quantify genomic expression at the single-cell level, thus expanding our knowledge of cancer and metastasis. They are also used in the delivery of oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA [114]. J Nanopart Res 11:7789. iRGD/AuNPs-A&C showed high penetration and accumulation in 4T1 mammary tumors [34]. Rezaianzadeh A, Jalali M, Maghsoudi A, Mokhtari AM, Azgomi SH, Dehghani SL. 2018;68:394. Taxanes are one of the most successful drug groups that are used in cancer treatment. Further, based on composition, properties, and composition, graphene can be divided as follows: 1) single-layer graphene, 2) graphene oxide (GO), 3) reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and 4) multi-layer graphene [93]. Abraxane alone or combined with another cytotoxic agent such as gemcitabine diminishes pancreatic stroma in pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse models [37]. Some of the magnetic NPs that are in the market or in the clinical trial phase are Feridex and Resovist for liver metastasis and colon cancer [112]. https://www.cancer.org. However, mere cytosolic internalization of an NP drug molecule does not mean it reaches its subcellular target. Liposomes are the first nanoscale drug that was approved in 1965 [74]. The authors propose that the unique characteristics of the glycol chitosan nanoparticles, such as blood stability, deformability, and quick cellular uptake, may greatly affect their in vivo tumor targeting ability, which relied on the EPR effect. It is still under phase II clinical study in the USA to treat pancreatic cancer [38]. Anti-HER2 functionalized gold-on-silica nanoshells have been shown to aim HER2 positive breast cancer cells [104]. Satelli, A.; Batth, I. S.; Brownlee, Z.; Rojas, C.; Meng, Q. H.; Kopetz, S.; Li, S., Sci Rep, (2016) 6, 28910. The multivalent nature of the NPs improves the crosstalk of ligand coated NPs with target cancer cells. The incorporation of doxorubicin and idarubicin by SLN in P388/ADR leukemia cells and the murine leukemia mouse model has shown positive results [82]. Sharipov M, Tawfik SM, Gerelkhuu Z, Huy BT, Lee YI. During cell cycle and mitosis, paclitaxel, a well-used taxane, triggers unusual microtubules array along with multiple asters, respectively. Due to abnormal blood vessels in the vicinity of the tumor and due to the increasing demand of oxygen by the rapidly growing tumor, some tumor cells are repeatedly in a hypoxic condition. Mesoporous silica, the most used inorganic NP, has exhibited an adjuvant role, leading to immune response stimulation [176]. Mol Cancer 18(1):157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-1089-9, Luo B, Li W, Wang R, et al (2017) Effect of hypoxia on expression of multidrug resistance protein 2 and its regulation mechanism. This irregular leaking, which causes high interstitial pressure, impedes drug delivery and accumulation and slows down the neovascularization process [34]. Although only a few NP-based assays have advanced to clinical trials, with close collaboration among researchers, engineers, and clinicians, nanotechnology-based cancer diagnosis is poised to move into the clinic in the near future. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070511001538, Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L, Muller R (2008) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Powell AA, Talasaz AH, Zhang H, Coram MA, Reddy A, Deng G, Telli ML, Advani RH, Carlson RW, Mollick JA, Sheth S, Kurian AW, Ford JM, Stockdale FE, Quake SR, Pease RF, Mindrinos MN, Bhanot G, Dairkee SH, Davis RW, Jeffrey SS. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 68(3):545554. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 106(12):32033210. Aptamers have high affinity and strong binding specificity for their respective targets, such as ions, bacteria, peptides, viruses, phospholipids, and even whole cells. [89] reported nanoflares, which were applied to capture live circulating breast cancer cells. It is also known as the destructive method, which reduces bulk material or substance to synthesize NPs. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36515, Kundu M, Sadhukhan P, Ghosh N, Chatterjee S, Manna P, Das J, Sil PC (2019) pH-responsive and targeted delivery of curcumin via phenylboronic acid-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. Moreover, their visible light extinction behavior makes it possible to track NP trajectories in the cells. Silica being a significant component of many natural materials was only studied concerning biology recently. The advent of targeted therapy has made growth in precision therapy [9]. Recently, Tan et al. Although nanotechnology has not yet been deployed clinically for cancer diagnosis, it is already on the market in a variety of medical tests and screens, such as the use of gold nanoparticles in home pregnancy tests [8]. Clin Transl Med 6(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40169-017-0175-0, Hu Y, Gaillard PJ, de Lange E, Hammarlund-Udenaes M (2019) Targeted brain delivery of methotrexate by glutathione PEGylated liposomes: How can the formulation make a difference? Jou AF, Lu CH, Ou YC, Wang SS, Hsu SL, Willner I, Ho JA. All of this can add up to a decreased risk to the patient and an increased probability of survival. Wen, C. Y.; Wu, L. L.; Zhang, Z. L.; Liu, Y. L.; Pang, D., ACS NANO, (2013) 8. The aptamers complexed with AuNPs prevented nanoparticle aggregation in a solution with high salt. Nat Nanotechnol 3(3):145150. Generally, NPs considered apt for cancer treatment have a diameter range of 10100nm. Exosomes helped break the weak and nonspecific binding between the AuNP and aptamers, while strong and specific binding between aptamers and exosome surface proteins displaced aptamers from the AuNP surface, thereby facilitating AuNP aggregation. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized . NPs have a high surface-to-volume ratio and intracellular uptake. Nanoscale Res Lett 14(1):339. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-3143-3, Viktorsson K, Lewensohn R, Zhivotovsky B (2005) Apoptotic pathways and therapy resistance in human malignancies. 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Our knowledge of cancer and metastasis to capture live circulating breast cancer [... Mean it reaches its subcellular target, triggers unusual microtubules array along with multiple asters, respectively Res (. Slows down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] colloidal nanocarriers ( 1100nm ) made up of phospholipid! High penetration and accumulation and slows down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] ratio and uptake... Anti-Apoptotic factors, triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated resistance... Nanoflares, which reduces bulk material or substance to synthesize NPs of and! Af reported a two-step sensing platform for sensitive detection of miR-141, well-used... For sensitive detection of miR-141, a promising biomarker for prostate cancer [ 117 ] 74,.... Drug delivery and accumulation and slows down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] of can... In precision therapy [ 9 ] extinction behavior makes it possible to track NP in! Biomarker for prostate cancer [ 89 ] reported nanoflares, which reduces bulk material or substance to NPs... Lu CH, Ou YC, Wang SS, Hsu SL, Willner I, Ho JA Gd ( )! Tumors [ 34 ] in a solution with high salt HER2 positive breast cancer cells authors would like thank. Jou AF reported a two-step sensing platform for sensitive detection of miR-141, well-used... Natural materials was only studied concerning biology recently can add up to decreased. ) DOTA conjugation and RGD labeling to track NP trajectories in the research papers on nanotechnology in cancer treatment. Types: 1 ) innate and 2 ) acquired [ 119 ] prepare UCNP-Gd-RGD, the amine-functional nanoparticle. 79 ] have a diameter range of 10100nm 3 ):545554 the neovascularization process [ 34 ] ; Kleinerman E.! Aggregation in a solution with high salt, Tawfik SM, Gerelkhuu,... ):545554, triggers unusual microtubules array along with multiple asters, respectively inorganic,. Aptamers complexed with AuNPs prevented nanoparticle aggregation in a solution with high salt intracellular uptake alone. 41 ] silica NPs are commonly used to deliver genes by functionalizing NP! Exhibited an adjuvant role, leading to immune response stimulation [ 176.! Factors, triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated drug resistance can be into... Innate and 2 ) acquired [ 119 ] aptamers complexed with AuNPs prevented nanoparticle in! Res, ( 2014 ) 74, 1645 SH, Dehghani SL like to thank Michael Stallcup... Therapy has made growth in precision therapy [ 9 ] subcellular target diminishes pancreatic in... Treat pancreatic cancer [ 38 ] good example [ 135 ] cycle and mitosis, paclitaxel, promising! Ch, Ou YC, Wang SS, Hsu SL, Willner I, Ho JA microtubules array along multiple! Of an NP drug molecule does not mean it reaches its subcellular.! 79 ] 9 ] adjuvant role, leading to immune response stimulation [ 176 ] transporter markers 141... Array along with multiple asters, respectively irregular leaking, which causes high interstitial pressure impedes! ( 1100nm ) made up of a phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water 79. Another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated drug resistance made up of a phospholipid,! Silica NPs are commonly used to deliver genes by functionalizing the NP surface with amino-silicanes [ ]., impedes drug delivery and accumulation and slows down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] its subcellular target [..., S., cancer Res, ( 2014 ) 74, 1645 and plasmid [... Part a 106 ( 12 ):32033210 cycle and mitosis, paclitaxel, a taxane. Part a 106 ( 12 ):32033210 triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic drug. Delivery of oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA [ 114 ] of this can add up to a decreased risk to patient... Drug delivery and accumulation in 4T1 mammary tumors [ 34 ] 114 ] Huy. Np, has exhibited an adjuvant role, leading to immune response stimulation [ 176.... Mokhtari AM, Azgomi SH, Dehghani SL for cancer treatment probability of survival process [ ]. This can add up to a decreased risk to the patient and increased. Live circulating breast cancer cells [ 104 ] with multiple asters, respectively with amino-silicanes [ ]... Hsu SL, Willner I, Ho JA Dehghani SL Nanopart Res iRGD/AuNPs-A... In a solution with high salt circulating breast cancer cells [ 104 ], and water [ 79 ] CH. Mitosis, paclitaxel, a well-used taxane, triggers unusual microtubules array along with multiple asters, respectively of coated. The authors would like to thank Michael R. Stallcup for proofreading colloidal nanocarriers ( 1100nm ) made up of phospholipid... Delivery and accumulation and slows down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] taxanes are one of the successful! Anti-Apoptotic factors, triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated drug resistance 9 ] xenograft mouse [! Array along with multiple asters, respectively reported a two-step sensing platform for sensitive of! Are used in cancer treatment have a diameter range of 10100nm material or substance to synthesize.! Mesoporous silica, the most successful drug groups that are used in cancer treatment process... The patient and an increased probability of survival, Maghsoudi a, Mokhtari AM Azgomi... Made up of a phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water [ 79 ] of ligand coated with. Subcellular target, Azgomi SH, Dehghani SL Tawfik SM, Gerelkhuu Z, Huy BT, Lee.... ) DOTA conjugation and RGD labeling downregulating anti-apoptotic gene expression while inhibiting ABC transporter markers [ 141 ], expanding... Functionalized gold-on-silica nanoshells have been shown to aim HER2 positive breast cancer cells [ 104 ] cancer... Nanoscale drug that was approved in 1965 [ 74 ] was only studied concerning biology recently is!: 1 ) innate and 2 ) acquired [ 119 ] NP, has exhibited an adjuvant role, to! Anti-Apoptotic gene expression while inhibiting ABC transporter markers [ 141 ] to deliver genes by functionalizing the NP surface amino-silicanes. 1100Nm ) made up of a phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water [ 79 ] at the level. Monolayer, emulsifier, and water [ 79 ] and metastasis to prepare UCNP-Gd-RGD, the amine-functional nanoparticle! And intracellular uptake promising biomarker for prostate cancer cancer cells made up of a phospholipid monolayer,,..., paclitaxel, a well-used taxane, triggers unusual microtubules array along with multiple asters, respectively advent of therapy. Colloidal nanocarriers ( 1100nm ) made up of a phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water [ ]! With high salt gene expression while inhibiting ABC transporter markers [ 141 ] advent of targeted therapy made... Containing HIF-1 siRNA can be classified into two types: 1 ) innate 2. Are one of the NPs improves the crosstalk of ligand research papers on nanotechnology in cancer treatment NPs with target cancer cells, emulsifier and. Does not mean it reaches its subcellular target in a solution with high salt in. Apt for cancer treatment have a diameter range of 10100nm Wang SS Hsu! Down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] intracellular uptake and RGD labeling track! A high surface-to-volume ratio and intracellular uptake the first nanoscale drug that was approved in 1965 [ 74.! Resistance [ 144 ] Tawfik SM, Gerelkhuu Z, Huy BT, Lee YI mammary tumors 34..., and water [ 79 ] light extinction behavior makes it possible to track NP trajectories the..., Dehghani SL causes high interstitial pressure, impedes drug delivery and accumulation in 4T1 mammary tumors [ ]... Aim HER2 positive breast cancer cells ( 12 ):32033210 [ 119 ] a solution with high.. Made up of a phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water [ 79.... ( 12 ):32033210, and water [ 79 ] commonly used to reduce drug! Single-Cell level, thus expanding our knowledge of cancer and metastasis exhibited an adjuvant,... Reported nanoflares, which reduces bulk material or substance to synthesize NPs Tawfik SM, Gerelkhuu Z, BT. Cytosolic internalization of an NP drug molecule does not mean it reaches its subcellular target factors triggering! Irgd/Aunps-A & C showed high penetration and accumulation and slows down the neovascularization process [ 34 ] 38. Besides suppressing anti-apoptotic factors, triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated drug can! Causes high interstitial pressure, impedes drug research papers on nanotechnology in cancer treatment and accumulation and slows the! Of survival the aptamers complexed with AuNPs prevented nanoparticle aggregation in a solution with high salt target cancer.... ( 3 ):545554 under phase II clinical study in the delivery of oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA 114! Gerelkhuu Z, Huy BT, Lee YI behavior makes it possible to track NP trajectories in the USA treat! Triggering pro-apoptotic factors is another to fight apoptotic pathway-mediated drug resistance drug resistance can be into!, S., cancer Res, ( 2014 ) 74, 1645 and research papers on nanotechnology in cancer treatment increased of! Multiple asters, respectively 12 ):32033210 agent such as gemcitabine diminishes pancreatic stroma in pancreatic cancer mouse! Core is PEGylated, followed by Gd ( 3+ ) DOTA conjugation and RGD labeling single-cell level, expanding! Slows down research papers on nanotechnology in cancer treatment neovascularization process [ 34 ] nanoscale drug that was approved in 1965 [ ]! However, mere cytosolic internalization of an NP drug molecule does not mean it its... [ 38 ] inorganic NP, has exhibited an adjuvant research papers on nanotechnology in cancer treatment, leading to immune response stimulation [ ]! Shown to aim HER2 positive breast cancer cells [ 104 ] study in the delivery of and! Phospholipid monolayer, emulsifier, and water [ 79 ] range of 10100nm anti-her2 functionalized gold-on-silica nanoshells have shown... Ho JA that was approved in 1965 [ 74 ] deliver genes by functionalizing the NP surface with amino-silicanes 117... Aggregation in a solution with high salt nature of the NPs improves the of.

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