These values can differ from each other significantly especially in case of higher air exchange rates in the cabinet. (Source: Gascon Australia. All fittings are leak tested by different pressure methods. Automatic manifolds are used in standard installations with maximum pressure requirements that do not exceed 1,000 kPa. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are the exceptions to this rule as they are stored as liquids at ambient temperature. Valve manufacturers should be requested to confirm their range of purity levels available for the standard range of sizes. GC has measurement accuracy levels of parts per billion concentration. The initial pipeline flushing with carbon dioxide should be set at a flow of 100 L/min to ensure that all air is displaced from the pipeline. After the first stage regulators, the gas passes through the second stage/ line regulator that reduces the pressure to the final pipeline pressure. These valves may also require some form of filtration to remove particulates that may be drawn into the system from preventing the non-return valves from sealing. A minimum of 10 air changes per hour for flammable and oxidizing gases. It instructs design engineers, laboratory managers, and installation technicians on how to source the information and specifications they require for the design and installation of laboratory gas systems suitable for their intended use. Needle type valves with double olive compression fittings are common where high and low-pressure connections are required. If there is any doubt, it is necessary to specify a heavier gauge tube along with cleaning specifications for oxygen compatibility and use. Refrigeration dryers are not able to remove the moisture to similar levels to that provided by desiccant dryers. If an oil sealed pump is used this will need to be taken into consideration as the superheated oil vapor could ignite in the exhaust chamber and further downstream in the exhaust pipeline. Synthetic tubing and fittings may not be available in an oxygen clean state. The valve outlet should be fitted with a flow metering device which is then connected to the largest diameter pipeline to be brazed. 112 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<62059A9BD5C2E74AADD3B1DAEE8319E4>]/Index[93 38]/Info 92 0 R/Length 98/Prev 259663/Root 94 0 R/Size 131/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 5.10.11 PURITY LEVELS Ultra-high purity: 99.999%. This may be required if the air supply is of such a nature as to include high levels of these contaminants from the local atmospheric air. Another series of vessels available from Parr Instrument Company is designed for use to 34,500 kPa (5,000 psi) at temperatures to 500C. With over 40 years of specialization in the industry from project management to systems design, testing, and commissioning of projects with values in excess of $15 million, the author comprehensively fills that gap with this rich resource. The designer will need to determine the volume of the air receiver based on the control system being used. Synthetic tubing may be porous to some gases, helium, and mixtures containing it are subject to this effect. With permission.) 6.4.5.3 ELECTROPOLISHED STAINLESS STEEL TUBE The electropolished stainless steel tube is produced specifically for the electronics industry. Excess back pressure will cause loss of pump performance. It may be necessary to provide a higher level of protection from some aggressive solvents; if necessary, there are housings available using the same glass fiber elements with stainless steel casing and filter casings to ensure compatibility with the contaminants. The ASTM G series publications [1418] are of particular assistance for these types of installations. 6.4.7.1 SYSTEM FLOW DEMAND Every system will need to be designed to suit the equipment being used in the laboratory, e.g., a small single laboratory using one bench mounted GC [24] may require a hydrogen and nitrogen or helium supply which, due to the very low flow demand, may be supplied from single cylinders that can be monitored on a weekly basis. ISO 8573 Part 9: Test methods for liquid water content. 94 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines The information included below is based on the use of carbon dioxide only as the preferred purge gas. The cylinder valve should be opened slowly until the pressure, prior to the closed isolation valve, reaches the preset pressure of the flow metering device of 400 kPa. FIGURE 2.6 Dual compressor plant schematic. The use of carbon dioxide means that monitoring and additional tests and inspections are required during and after the completion of the work on the pipeline. For low-pressure applications synthetic tube has a different set of problems, these include: The emission of volatile organic compounds used in the manufacture of the tube. It is highly recommended that locations using this gas have permanent gas monitoring systems with local and remote audible and visual alarms fitted and the provision of warning signs in the area where flammable, toxic, and non-respirable gases are installed. FIGURE 1.9b Parr floor mounted models 1L and 2-L calorimeters. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, A Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals, Moody, J. This can be accomplished relatively easily for most gas supply systems using manifold cylinders. For example, Laboratory Gases, Types, and Equipment Encountered 5 FIGURE 1.3 Cutaway view of the coherent COMPex excimer laser. In order to check the dimension of pipe length with offset, common . In hazardous areas [36] (i.e., potentially explosive atmospheres) all electrical components must comply with nationally recognized regulations and OHS standards (Figures 2.192.21). The purity levels required in laboratories, however, start at 99.9% for general industrial use through to 99.9995% (Ultra High Purity (UHP)) and higher. Purge ports for both manifold cylinder banks to remove impure gas from the flexible cylinder connections prior to opening the newly replaced cylinder bank to the pipeline. These range from simple school laboratories using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for Bunsen burners to sophisticated teaching and research laboratories in universities and public and privately funded research and scientific facilities. stream These range from simple school laboratories using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for Bunsen burners to sophisticated teaching and research laboratories in universities and public and privately funded research and scientific facilities. The manifold and associated equipment used is similar to that used for other laboratory gases. With permission). Extended shutdowns while waiting for repairs and spare parts should be avoided at all costs. Tf /Ti = [Pf /Pi](n1)/n (2) where: Tf = final temperature, abs; Ti = initial temperature, abs; Pf = final pressure, abs; and Pi = initial pressure, abs. If specifically required the suppliers should provide confirmation that the material is fit for purpose. This noise can register in the AAS [24] and cause irregularities in the printout, this type are not suitable for laboratory use. The pipeline design must not impact the gas in any way and thereby ensure the gas purity levels are unchanged when delivered at the outlet connection point. It is a high-pressure gas with a cylinder pressure of 13,700 kPa at 15C. The cylinder will be installed in a dual cylinder safety cabinet (the nitrogen and argon will be co-located in the dual cabinet) as per the relevant clause of this specification. Automatic changeover manifolds are used where continuity of supply is mandatory. This will need to take into consideration the time necessary to purchase the replacement cylinders and to have them delivered to the laboratory ready for use. Design for adjacent spaces for storage and consumption of food and drink as needed. Gay Lussacs law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to the temperature in degrees Kelvin. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com ABOUT THE AUTHOR James Moody James (Jim) Moody has more than 40 years experience working continuously in the field of piped gases, particularly in the healthcare industry and for industrial, scientific, and university laboratories. 6.4.4REFERENCES Material Safety Data Sheets are available from the gas manufacturers that provide detailed information on this gas. Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines: A Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals (1st ed.). RETICULATED COPPER TUBING 8 1.8. The principles include component cleanness, a fluxless brazing method, and correct choice of materials and the use of an inert gas atmosphere during welding. 93 0 obj <> endobj Each fitting is packaged in a sealed bag to maintain cleanliness. The treated air downstream of the desiccant dryer is used to recycle the desiccant beds used in the drying process. Liquid traps should be provided at the connection points to the pipeline system or at the plant location prior to entry into the receiver or pumps. The various vacuum levels are separated into two main areas, rough vacuum, and high vacuum. Manifolds should incorporate the following capabilities: Semi-automatic or fully automatic cylinder changeover system suitable for the purity of the gas being connected. The design of instrument air plants generally has a storage volume of instrument air in the air receiver. There are no comprehensive single sources of technical references currently available in this market, states the author, and the generally supplied specifications provided to the construction industry are usually generic and not specifically targeted for the gases in use. Note: The use of synthetic tube is not recommended for laboratory gas pipelines, the tubing may have materials concerns that could contaminate the gas stream if specifically required the suppliers should provide confirmation that the material is fit for purpose. This filtration size is capable of removing almost all known bacteria and some viruses. A minimum of 120 air changes per hour for toxic and highly toxic gases. Levels of vacuum between 85 kPa to 95 kPa are used for evaporating some VOCs with low vaporization pressures. 1.4 NITROGEN SYSTEM The nitrogen system will be supplied from the existing liquid nitrogen vessel connected to the gaseous pipeline downstream of the liquid/gas evaporator. NASA produces technical papers on the use of high-pressure oxygen that are available for purchase if additional information is required. FIGURE 2.5 Single compressor plant schematic. The major problems facing designers include allocating sufficient space to store cylinders both full and empty or the location of a cryogenic storage site for a bulk supply. 1.3 UHP CYLINDER NITROGEN SYSTEM The UHP nitrogen system will be ultra high purity supplied from a single cylinder located within the laboratory. If solenoid valves are necessary the use of slow opening valve types is recommended. -Most long-distance petroleum and natural gas . Laboratory Gases, Types, and Equipment Encountered FIGURE 1.11 Typical gas connections schematic. Carbon monoxide is a compressed gas that can cause physical injury to the user or other nearby individuals. Note: Polystyrene is not suitable for use with cryogenic liquids due to its minimum working temperature of approximately 60C. Pressurized gas cylinders can be secured against accidentally falling over by means of standard integrated cylinder holder with retaining belts. The emission of esters used in the manufacture of the tube. 2.3.8.5 VACUUM EXHAUST The exhaust gases leaving the vacuum pumps may be at elevated temperatures due to the compression occurring during pump operation. 2.2.9.3 COMPRESSOR PLANT LAYOUT AND CONFIGURATION The selection of the plant and system design will be dependent on the client. 27A, 94060, Pocking, Germany, Tel: +49-8531-90040, http://www.msr-electronic.de/en SAI Global Level 37, 680 George Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia, Tel: +61-2-8206-6742, http://www.saiglobal.com Veeco Corporate Headquarters MBE Business Unit, #1, Terminal Drive, Plainview, NY 11803, USA, Tel: +1-(516)-677-0200, http://www.veeco.com/mbe Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION The specific information regarding the design and installation of laboratory gas pipelines that is essential for the preparation of a competent pipeline design is found in a variety of specialist reference texts, manufacturers literature or in a variety of university publications that under normal circumstances are widely spread and not easily accessible. This may not be a necessity for instrument air supplies. If necessary to use lubricants the manufacturers must be contacted to confirm their products are suitable for the intended purpose and will not contaminate the purity of the hydrogen. Sample Specification 315 The oxygen system pressure shall be 440 kPa and suitable for a design flow rate of up to 3.0 L/sec. Confirmation should be sought to ensure that the copper tube proposed for use is within the safe working pressure of the tube. Gas suppliers or installation specialists should be consulted regarding sourcing oxygen clean stainless steel tube and the availability of companies who are able to provide suitable cleaning services. ISO 8573 Part 8: Test methods for solid particle content by mass concentration. Collection pipelines carry oil or gas products from the wells in the ground to the oil batteries or natural gas processing center. Reinforced concrete slab to be located as near to the road as possible to enable the liquid oxygen delivery tanker easy access for filling purposes. Each pump type has the ability to provide a system pressure of 80 kPa which is the minimum pressure commonly encountered in laboratory use where there are no aggressive contaminants likely to be encountered. Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines: A Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals / Edition 1 available in Hardcover. dia. 6.4.5.4BRASS Brass is used in the manufacture of isolation, and control valves. The claw rotors do not come into contact either with each other or with the cylinder in which they are rotating. Acetylene in its gaseous state is unstable at pressures exceeding 101 kPa under most circumstances and may decompose violently without notice. When operating under normal circumstances this is carried out in three stages: pre filtration, activated carbon filtration, and final filtration. The work should be planned to reduce the carbon dioxide cylinder movement to a minimum. With permission.) Pipeline sizes vary from the 2-inch- (5-centimetre-) diameter lines used in oil-well gathering systems to lines 30 feet (9 metres) across in high-volume water and sewage networks. This noise can register in the AAS [24] and cause irregularities in the printout. (Note, the supply bank selection lever does not move). It is the responsibility of the designer to select the most suitable method of providing an appropriate, fit for purpose and cost-effective outcome for the laboratory. are also available. 5.10.10 OUTLET VALVE TYPES/USES Laboratory taps can be either diaphragm (stainless steel diaphragm) or needle type suitably cleaned to the purity level of the gas supply, Double olive compression fittings are the most common connection type fitted to the outlets of the taps. Laboratory Gases, Types, and Equipment Encountered FIGURE 1.13 Parr model 6200 calorimeter. These can be controlled from local manually operated emergency push buttons and also interconnected to the fire trip system or any localized emergency gas monitoring system installed in the laboratory. Medicinal Air is supplied with specifications that allow maximum levels of contaminants as set down in the European Pharmacopoeia, levels of common contaminants that are acceptable are: Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Oil Nitrogen dioxide Fluorides Sulfur dioxide Moisture 500 ppm V/V; 5 ppm V/V; 0.1 mg/m3 (total hydrocarbons); 1 ppm V/V; 1 mg/m3; 1 ppm V/V; 67 ppm V/V from cylinder supply or 870 ppm from a locally supplied compressor plant using refrigeration driers (NB: refrigeration driers may not provide a sufficiently low moisture content for instrument quality air); Argon 0.9%; Oxygen 21% 1%; Nitrogen 79%. GAS TRENCH DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION A-03 Publication Date: 08/19/2020 Effective Date: 11/16/2020 Rev. The cylinder supply of instrument air is available from purity levels of 99.5% through to 99.99995% or for particularly sensitive equipment cylinders with certification; and a complete analysis of the Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 21 makeup of the air in the cylinder is necessary. The emission of esters used in the manufacture of the tube. In their liquid state, these gases are stored at cryogenic temperatures (below 150C), oxygen at 183C, Argon at 186C, Nitrogen at 196C, and helium at 269C. In some countries, these regulations are protected by law and may not be ignored. The use of soft annealed copper pipe is not recommended for laboratory gas pipelines. Note: The use of a synthetic tube is not recommended for laboratory vacuum pipelines. 6.3.8.2 MANUAL MANIFOLDS Manual manifolds provide a continuous supply of gas that is connected to two independent banks of gas cylinders. The flushing of pipelines with inert gas during welding processes ensures that silver soldered pipeline joints are constructed using methods to safeguard that the internal surfaces are free of oxides and residues. For low-pressure applications, the synthetic tube has a different problem including: The emission of volatile organic compounds used in the manufacture of the tube. Water cooling plant is also an option that will need special consideration as water treatment will be necessary as well as the additional plant room floor space, cost, and safety concerns that go with it. The compressor manufacturer must be consulted to determine the volumes of air required for this purpose. The changeover from the in use to the reserve cylinders is a manual operation and requires visual inspection of the gas supply on a regular basis. 6.6.4REFERENCES Material Safety Data Sheets are available from the gas manufacturers that provide detailed information on this gas. 415V 32-amp power supply. Depending on the model, up to 4 pressurized gas cylinders size 50 liter or up to 3 pressurized gas cylinders size 70 liter can be stored in a safety cabinet. And secondly, conversion of the liquid for supply to the facility. It is also the most common type used in the production of pressure regulators in the majority of cases for gas purity levels up to ultra-high purity at 99.999%. 6.3.6 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS For the majority of laboratory carbon monoxide gas, a pipeline pressure of 410 kPa will suffice. 2.2 INSTRUMENT AIR PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 2.2.1 INSTRUMENT AIR COMPRESSORS There are a variety of compressors in a number of styles and types in use for the production of instrument air for laboratory purposes. It is not possible to regulate the pressure of this liquid for this purpose, it is used at full cylinder pressure of 5,824 kPa. ASTM]. Note: Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide cylinders do not change pressure until the gas which is stored in its liquid high-pressure state is exhausted. The remaining pump or pumps are automatically operated in sequence (lag/standby duty) on demand. 40 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines A single compressor and associated items of equipment designed to provide 100% of the system design flow rate with a backup highpressure cylinder manifold capable of providing instrument air supply to meet the minimum time requirement to provide replacement cylinders (Figure 2.8). The plant should be connected to an uninterruptable power supply (UPS). On-site brazing of copper-to-copper pipeline and fittings requires a fluxless welding technique with an internal inert gas atmosphere to prevent Laboratory Gas Pipeline Construction 93 contamination and oxidation of the internal surfaces of the tube caused by flux residues and oxide scale. Stainless steel vacuum jacketed pipelines are generally manufactured in sections of various lengths which are evacuated and sealed prior to Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 69 delivery to the laboratory. The nature of the coating material determines what type of materials will be most strongly adsorbed. There are a considerable number of publications on this matter that are available for reference. The current use of specifications predominantly taken from medical gas standards for this type of work is not always suitable; these standards are for use with medical grade gases that have a purity level of 99.5%. The standard range used for laboratory service has a dewpoint setting of 70C. Controlled pre-pressurized systems are an optional method of preventing adiabatic compression that can be caused by sudden activation of quick acting valves such as solenoid and ball valves. 104 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines 3.6 LABORATORY TAPWARE The following has been provided with the permission of Broen and SGF Laboratories Aust. Exhaust filters must be sized to suit the system design flow rate at free air conditions with the minimum back pressure allowable to meet the vacuum pump specification. (v) The service and maintenance of the oil flooded vane type and the claw and hook type are likely to be lower than the dry running vane type as the pump component parts do not come into direct contact with the body of the pump. 3.5 TUBE FITTINGS AND ADAPTORS 3.5.1 DUAL OLIVE COMPRESSION FITTINGS Dual olive compression fittings deliver a leak-tight, gas-tight seal in an easy-to-install, disassemble, and reassemble form. 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