Place baking sheet with wings in refrigerator and allow to relax, uncovered, a minimum of 8 hours, and as much as 18 hours. Szechuan cuisine is a style of regional Chinese food that is common to the Szechuan Province in southwestern China. Szechuan Button & Lime Sorbet w/ Co. Sarah Mickey July 13, 2015 All Recipes, Ice Cream & Sorbet Recipes, Szechuan Button Recipes Leave a Comment. by John Staughton (BASc, BFA) Schezwan peppercorns are different from black peppercorns which are native to the Indian subcontinent, in plant characteristics, aroma and hotness. The entire list of reference links is also provided at the bottom of the article. Because of its spilanthol content, some countries use the numbing qualities of this plant to relieve toothaches (thus the toothache plant), as well as throat and gum infections. Traditional uses and benefits of Toothache Plant, https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/997/, http://www.hear.org/pier/species/acmella_oleracea.htm, http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-142218, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmella_oleracea, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/spilanthes-acmella-jambu. Plant has anesthetic action and is used for toothache in the East. Szechuan Lovage10-31-2019. Use the pork loin and breast if it is chicken. With a fork or even wooden spoon, completely mix almost all filling elements. The aroma of Szechuan pepper (Schezwan pepper or Sichuan pepper) has been linked to Lavender. Adaptogens are herbs that help us adapt to changes and stress caused by physical, biological, emotional, and environmental factors. The leaves of Toothache Plant are used in Japan to treat joint pain, gout, rheumatism and arthritis. It is a composite spice from the Zanthoxylum genus, but is actually closely related to citrus fruits, rather than typical black peppercorns, as people typically assume. When you suddenly feel dizzy, lightheaded or unable to move without any real reason whatsoever, you likely have been anguishing from anemia. Flowers are used as spice for foods and dentifrice flavoring in Japan. It increases the production of saliva by vitalizing the saliva glands and also cures this problem. It vitalizes the nerves which are responsible for the sexual performance of men and ejaculation and also assist to delay ejaculation. The "Szechuan Button" goes by many names, including "buzz button," paracress, "toothache plant" and its botanical name, Acmella oleracea. It will give you a special citrus flavor with a biting pungent taste. The rough skin splits open to reveal a brittle black seed, about 3 mm in diameter, though the spice mostly includes the empty husks. It would be much effective when 125 mg Vacha is added to the mixture. Do your homework before supplementing your diet with herbs. Achenes are obovoid, 3-angled, 3mm long, tip slightly depressed, margins scabrid, Tracheophyta (vascular plants, tracheophytes), Spermatophytina (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanrogames). (If using a pan, add the . Another benefit of your Sam's Club membership is getting discounts on gift cards. Then transfer straight to the salt mixture. Szechuan buttons are not an ingredient added at the beginning. Help to Increase Food Intake It is a very common spice in . 3. Whole schezuan peppercorns could keep almost indefinitely, whilst crushed pepper will remain fresh for approximately 3 months. And the resulting effect of healthiness will surely make you feel lucky to have consumed this type of hot pepper. Szechuan buttons may even help improve digestion and help overcome nausea, and it has been shown to have a strong diuretic action in rats. Stir-fry till chicken has lost most of its water, about 5 minutes. close the pot, turn off the heat, and let it cool down for half an hour. This applies to topical applications as well. We went out on the town where we each purchased a fabulous summer cocktail from a trendy lounge bar. Have You Heard of This Herb: Szechuan Buttons. And, in this blog, we will be discussing them at length. Big in Brazil, the buzz buttons inspire. Average rating 4.1 out of 5.0 based on 190 user(s). by John Staughton (BASc, BFA) last updated - June 25, 2021. The fist-shaped roots and rhizomes are the part used as medicine. Sichuan pepper (or sichuan peppercorn) is a very common spice in Indian, Chinese, Tibetan, Nepalese, and Thai cuisine. Integrative Practitioners Reveal the 3 Must-Have Supplements to Fight Cancer, Traditional uses and benefits of Spanish Cedar, Traditional uses and benefits of Asiatic Dayflower, Traditional uses and benefits of Climbing Dayflower, Traditional uses and benefits of Aquatic Rotula, Traditional uses and benefits of Hiptage (Helicopter Flower), Traditional uses and benefits of Blinding Tree. Watch. It is grown as an ornamental plant, and for medicinal purposes in various parts of the world. Are you ready to give Szechuan buttons a try? Plant is an ingredient in pesticides and is effective in killing mosquitoes. In India, Szechuan pepper is known asteppal, tripal in Hindi. It is supposed that the extract of toothache plant helps to alleviate muscle strain when it is applied externally on the affected area. Add your peppercorn, sesame seeds, garlic and ginger prepared in Step 2 and stir to coat the oil. It is a small-sized tree featuring numerous short, stout spines that appear on the woody branches and leaf petioles as in a lemon plant. In non-medicinal uses, Indian manufactures use the buds to flavor chewing tobacco. See also:High Blood Pressure TreatmentsLow Blood Pressure. Put aside and toss along with pinch of salt. So, you should always add the condiment in the final moments of putting the dish to make the delicious taste and avoid the spice from overcooking. Read more tricks for digestion:Health Benefits of Yerba Mate TeaHealth Benefits of Saffron. Pour the mixture on the cucumbers. It's called a Szechuan Button, sometimes referred to as a sansho button, or electric button. [2]. It can even cause a sudden increase in saliva production. Bring the temperature of the oil up 350F. Cut the cucumber(s) in half lengthwise, then cut each half again so you have got quartered strips. Find out why you should be using szechuan buttons in your drinks. The content of mineral is supplied complete enough within the Sichuan peppers. Transfer into a mortar and pestle or perhaps a spice grinder. The common cold could be alleviated if Anacyclus pyrethrum root powder is used with long pepper and black pepper. In India, it was used as an additive in tobacco for flavor. Put aside for 5-10 minutes, as the salt draws out excessive moisture through the cucumbers. To increase transparency to the user, we provide reference links marked by numbers in parentheses in the copy of the article. Alkyl-amide found in Toothache Plant root expands the production of testosterone. Apart from being a wonderful structural plant in the garden, one of the main reasons to grow a Szechuan Pepper is to harvest the pericarps for culinary use. Even today the origin of A. oleracea is unknown. Origin Sechuan Buttons is a plant which has its origin in Africa and South America, when those two continents where still connected. It is also a great treatment for current inflammation issues, that is arthritis and gout. Our bodys bone mineral density decreases as we age, so it can be important to supplement our mineral intake whenever possible; sichuan peppers are very helpful in that department. Or one gram of Toothache Plant powder should be licked with honey. From there, he built the drink around its garnishwhich he styled in a half-rim, to . Skype: healthbenefit55. increased sweating. The compound within the Sichuan peppers will assist you to have the appetite of the food. It helps prevent flatulence and helps digestion. People have related it to spearmint and electricity, to juniper and novocaine, but no comparison adequately similar. NPR has a story about using the Szechuan Buttons in high-end restaurants and bars. You can contribute this audio pronunciation of szechuan to HowToPronounce . Inflammation results from oxidative stress, which in turn can be caused by free radical activity in the body. Sichuan Pepper Has Anti-Aging Properties. 1 pound boneless chicken, chopped into 1-inch chunks, 8 dried hot red chiles (preferably Sichuan chiles), Slice celery at steep angle into -inch slices. John Staughton is a traveling writer, editor, publisher and photographer with English and Integrative Biology degrees from the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana (USA). In the Indian Ocean islands (Comoros, Madagascar, Runion, Mauritius), the main use of the leaves is as a steamed vegetable. Wouldnt you agree? Pre-heat broiler to high and adjust oven rack to 4 inches from the element. Water regularly, but do not over water, as it can be prone to mildew and mold. But regardless of what people call it, the toothache plant (Acmella oleracea) has some incredible healing properties and is a . Stir fry your aromatics with the meat. Set aside in a smaller dish to cool. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); POLICY It is also effective for gum disease and toothache. Crushed plant is used as a fish poison in India. 5. In addition to these nutrients, it also has a wide variety of phytosterols, carotenes and terpenes. Decoction of the plant is used as vulnerary and also regarded as an antiscorbutic. Szechuan buttons may even help improve digestion and help overcome nausea, and it has been shown to have a strong diuretic action in rats. Pour enough oil to come halfway up a medium-sized pot. The noodles are steamed and served dry, along with a fiery chile sauce. Hua jiao yen is really a combination of salt and Szechwan pepper, roasted and browned in the wok and served like a condiment to accompany chicken, duck and pork dishes. It is used for toothaches due to its anesthetic properties. Wondering what the Spicy Szechuan Pepper tastes like? unusual bleeding or bruising. In North America it's used by chefs for its ability to awake the palate and heighten the flavour of whatever dish it's put in. Like any others spices, Sichuan peppers include a lively properties that will help boost the gastro-intestinal. Publication date: 12/04/03 Latest in Local News Slice scallions at steep angle into -inch slices. Applications Mixed the soy sauce, vinegar, sesame oil, chili oil, the residue of the Sichuan peppercorn, leftover of the ginger, garlic, sugar, and cilantro in the blender. People understand that sinchuan features a natural citrus-aromatic that is from terpenes; beta-mycrene, geraniol,limonene, cineol and citronellal. Add in the garlic and pepper which was cooling, and blend well. All rights reserved. This dish consists of a simmering pot of broth filled with various tasty ingredients like egg noodles, eggs, meats, veggies, tofu and even dumplings we've got a great recipe right here. Antioxidants, such as those detected in Sichuan peppers, are the best effective way to reduce your chance of consuming on too much oxidative stress and making your body at danger of growing one of these known fatal conditions. Cut these into 2-inch thick sticks. Serve at room temperature, or chill within the refrigerator for approximately a day to serve cold. Add chicken wings as well as cook for 20 minutes. There have been rare instances when certain rice noodle brands may contain gluten. The various compounds in sichuan pepper can prevent cramping, bloating, and constipation, which can prevent more serious conditions, such as gastric ulcers. Schezuan pepper figures noticeably in spicy Sichuan cuisine. The raw leaves are used to flavor salads, soups and meats in Brazil and India. It is a spicy exterior-cover of berries belonging to the prickly-ash tree. The pyorrhea could be treated with the mixture of mustard oil and Toothache Plants root powder. 3. Promotion will be applicable for minimum 4 and maximum of 8 diners per table, as . The Emmenagogue property helps to regulate the menstrual cycles and clears the obstructed periods. When comparing equal weights of each, they're also higher than acai and cocoa powders. Cook, stirring often, till chicken looks dry and is also very fragrant, 10 to 15 minutes. The presence of diuretic properties in Toothache Plant enhances the digestion, provides relief from flatulence and weight loss. It should be used for 1-2 months to obtain the results. Chop Szechuan buttons up with a knife. Add some cooked shrimp as well as stir rapidly till coated with salt. [7], The various antioxidants and organic acids in sichuan pepper, including phytosterols and terpenes, have certain anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. In some cultures, the dried leaves of sichuan peppercorns are also ground into a spice. The many substances in Sichuan pepper able to avoid cramping, bloat, and constipation, which in turn can avoid much more chronic conditions, such as damaged ulcers. Szechuan buttons may even help improve digestion and help overcome nausea, and it has been shown to have a strong diuretic action in rats. Chemicals found in sichuan peppers can occupy pain receptors, thus possibly eliminating the nervous system from generating discomfort or pain. The beneficial Sichuan pepper is also full of antioxidants and other compounds that have anti-fungal and antiviral properties, thus producing this pepper variety especially effective as a treatment. This helps to improve the speech in children. Grease a 99 inch baking pan (or line with wax paper). Meanwhile, sichuan pepper has many various compounds, antioxidants, and vitamin that human needed to function better. In this form its best utilized in stir fry noodle dishes without hot spices. What makes it the perfect accoutrement for imbibing booze is its ability to stimulate the saliva glands, which literally make . The plant produces yellow/red gumdrop-sized flower buds that completely numb the mouth once bitten into. Toothache Plant is used to treat the oral diseases, fever, rheumatic pain and other ailments. together with other plants/herbs. Szechuan lovage (Ligusticum striatum, syn. Flip wings and continue to cook till crisp and golden brown, 15 to 25 minutes longer. Terms & conditions Bachelor buttons are also great cut flowers, and that is why we grow them here on the flower farm. Cook until theyre fragrant and also the less are soft. The presence of nervine properties in Toothache Plant could control the epilepsy which is a nervous and neurotic disorder. All comments are moderated before being published, Zizira - A Unit of Chillibreeze Solutions Pvt. Also read about another chronic diseases:Symptoms of Bone Cancer. Evidence Based. The application of Toothache Plants root activates the neuron which helps to treat dullness. The substance detectedinside Sichuan pepper can negate these free radicals and hinder inflammation at the ground level. Part of the secret of this effect may be that these flowers contain a natural painkiller sometimes used to numb toothache (hence their other nickname: toothache plant). Pharyngitis and sore throat 10 grams of Toothache Plant root should be boiled with 250 ml of water. Flavour-wise, Schezwan peppercorns have a sharp, pungent, yet flavorful, coverings. Toss till coated. The whole plant should be boiled in water which helps to treat dysentery. First your mouth and tongue start to tingle, as if electricity is coursing through it, then everything starts to cool down. The plant has been safely used for centuries in South American folk medicine to numb toothache and sore throat pain. You dont have the appetite? This water should be used to gargle in order to alleviate pharyngitis. Flower is mainly ornamental but the flower heads contain a great amount of an analgesic agent known as Spilanthol. Various compounds within sichuan pepper may stimulate the appetite and improve the speed of the metabolism, meaning that you may derive energy and nutrients from the food you eat even faster. oleracea (L.) C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. Dates are sweet fruitsof the date palm tree. Yellow cone shaped flowers that produce tingly electrifying effect on the palette. Indian manufacturers use the buttons to flavor chewing tobacco, for example, while others use its numbing qualities to help relieve toothaches and stomach ailments, and some believe it can help. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. Despite the numerous culinary and health benefits, Szechuan Pepper Powder is not devoid of any apprehensions, and criticisms. Specifically, Sichuanpepper contains safrole, which may cause liver cancer. I simply love to cook the Szechuan peppercorns with rice or noodles. Consult a medical practitioner for health problems. Toothache Plants tooth powder could be made by drying the whole plant in shade and then grinding it to make powder. names: jambu, electric daisy, buzz or Szechuan buttons, toothache plant, paracress, or eyeball plant. As a solution, Hartman turned to a tool commonly used on citrus garnishes at the Trail House: the food dehydrator. [5], If you are recovering from an injury or illness, it can often be difficult to get your appetite back on track. Acmella occidentalis (Willd.) Heat a small pan on medium-low heat. It takes fried rice recipe to the next level. last updated - June 25, 2021 *Please allow for 2-5 day . This spicy root is also good for mitigating obesity and relief from menstrual pain. The beneficial Sichuan pepper is also full of antioxidants and other compounds that have anti-fungal and antiviral properties, thus producing this pepper variety especially effective as a treatment. *We deliver our buzz button flowers nationwide. Disclaimer, e-mail: [emailprotected] For you who may have the digestions problem, you might try this. Line rimmed baking sheet with aluminum foil, and set rack inside. It is also used for sore gums, teething babies, and mouth ulcers. Reduce heat to medium, and add chiles and Sichuan pepper. [10]. Benefits of sichuan pepper are as follows: If you have ever felt lethargic, lightheaded or weak without any real explanation, you mayhave been suffering from anemia. Wrapped dumplings might be engrossed in a damp paper towel and refrigerated for many hours just before cooking. This juice also helps in soothing acidity. Brownies with Buzz Button Garnish. Pour the oil in a large work set over high temperature. The secretion of androgens and its production is influenced. Buzz buttons do not have a hot pepper flavor; they do deliver intense tingle. The flowers are utilized in folk medicines throughout South America and Asia to naturally numb pain associated with toothaches and sore throats, and they are also blended into skin creams to relax muscles, temporarily decreasing the appearance of wrinkles topically. This experiment showed that in the real world, the Szechuans' active ingredient seems to do the same thing, triggering activity in this set of receptors and causing them to pass along tactile . Scabies and psoriasis could be treated if the paste of the plant is used as lotion. Just like a lemongrass and any other source that includes a all-natural citrus-flavor, it is known as the natural aromatic source which help you refresh your feeling. After printing the Mother Earth Living article The Best Herbal Remedies Youve Never Heard Of, Ive been interested in uncovering more largely unknown herbal remediesso lets delve right into the research behind even more unusual herbs from across the globe! Add the chili bean paste, black beans, and Sichuan pepper. These buttons are quite costly, selling for about $50 a bag of 30 buttons (available from Marx Foods). Szechuan Pepper benefits are aplenty. Add three tablespoons of the salt on the same skillet set over medium heat. Toothache plant is an erect, or decumbent, stout, branched, annual herb that grows about 2080 cm tall with erect stems not usually rooting at nodes. Privacy Policy Thus, if you dont know how to make it tastily, here ia the sichuan pepper recipe: Thus, you may cook this delicious menu and get sichuan pepper benefits at the same time. The most well-liked recipe consists of ginger oil as well as brown sugar to be cooked with a base of noodles as well as vegetables, along with rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil to be added after cooking, The national dish of Tibet momos, a pasta full of yak are flavoured along with Szechwan pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The many antioxidants and organic acids property in Sichuan pepper, containing phytosterols and terpenes, have special anti-inflammatory treatment for the entire part of the body. In view of the intense effect of the button we advise to be careful in combination with your choice of wines. Taste one wing, then add more spice powder to taste. Rich levels of zinc detected in Sichuan peppers can be concluded that this strong spice is beneficial for the increase of the immune system. Put away the chicken in the pot and cool it down for some minutes. Decoction of the plant can be taken internally as a diuretic and able to resolve stones in the bladder, while a decoction of the roots can be used as a purgative. Buds and oleoresins are used as flavoring in chewing tobacco in India. After the deseeding process, the outer coat (husk) is gathered and employed as Schezwan peppercorn spice, and their seeds are discarded. When consumed, it releases a naturally occurring alkaloid that produces a strong numbing or tingling sensation in the mouth, followed by excessive salivation and then a cooling feeling in the throat. Lemon Drop & Bulls Eye Buzz Buttons Included. The powerful health benefits of dates include providing an energy boost, increasing iron in the body, and aiding digestion.. The application of Toothache Plants root powder in almond oil provides relief from sciatica. Pound into a rough paste. The tongue should be massaged with the mixture of honey and 125 mg of Toothache Plants root powder. Although they bear a few resemblance to black peppercorns, they arent of the pepper family, however the dried berry of the tree of the rue family. Put the cucumbers in a bowl, and toss with salt. Rate Szechuan Lovage to receive MedCheck, Discover best treatments based on user reviews of side effects, efficacy, health benefits, uses, safety and medical advice. Decoction or infusion of the leaves and flowers is a traditional remedy for stammering, toothache, and stomatitis. Astragalus (Astragalus Membranaceus) Astragalus is an adaptogenic [], Yes, I said it, garlic mustard as a gourmet food! The mouth soreness could be treated with the dried flower head. It was a remedy for toothache, digestive problems and also throat and gum disease. Schezuan pepper is long known for its carminative properties. Place 1/3 of wings in large bowl, sprinkle with 1 teaspoon baking powder and 1 teaspoon salt, and toss till completely and evenly coated. Avoid buying pre ground or even crushed pepper, simply because its volatile aromatic notes rapidly dissolve and whats left is single-dimensional hotness. It is not unpleasant, but surprising, and sharing just a small pinch with friends will cause a look of confused wonder. Flowers and leaves of Toothache Plant have a pungent taste supplemented by tingling and numbness and have been used as a spice for appetizers and as widespread folk medicine for stammering, toothache, and stomatitis and throat complaints. 4 The diversity of these compounds has led to many studies on the uses of lovage. This potential antioxidant can reduce oxidative stress in the ocular system and keep the retina healthy, while also reducing your risk of macular degeneration and vision loss. In my opinion a Szechuan button has less of a flavor, and more of a sensation. There are many health benefits of Sichuan Pepper yet new findings conclude that an essence extracted from the outer part Sichuan pepper may induce temporary and permanent anti-wrinkle result. The Toothache Plant That Every Herbalist Should Grow. Spilanthes oleracea), a flowering herb that can also be found under the pseudonym toothache plant. Put the chicken in the big pot. Keep the soil moderately moist as the plant dislikes saturated or boggy ground and stem rot or general poor growth is likely. Rich. All rights reserved. Cleanse the vital but often overlooked lymphatic system with the steps outlined in this three-day lymph cleanse recipe. Its usually consumed with chili peppers, in Sichuan cuisine, to have an effect of spicy and tingly. Once the berry is ripe, it split open to release round, black seeds from inside. Curcumin can also limit weight gain. Add celery and scallions, and stir-fry till just tender, one or two minutes. See Also Health Benefits of Kalonji Oil Best Exercises for Women Benefits of Squat 4. Natural Healing: Fresh Ginger, Garlic and Onions. Szechuan peppercorn is commonly added to the mix, which produces a citrus-like fragrance and intense flavor. Cooked leaves lose their strong flavour and may be used as leafy greens. Sichuan pepper in small usage is concluded to have a diuretic action, which avoids water storage in the body thus enhancing the period of the urination that cleanses the system. Thus, Sichuan pepper benefits then can prevent the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. The iron is a vital substance in hemoglobin that carries the oxygen the red blood vessels. Pronunciation of szechuan with 7 audio pronunciations, 3 synonyms, 2 meanings, 4 translations, 1 sentence and more for szechuan. It is a wonderful treatment. Massage with the mixture of Toothache Plant root powder and camphor which helps to relieve toothache. Toothache plant is sometimes called the eyeball plant because the flowers look like eyeballs. They can assist in restoring balance within the body and help us defend against both chronic and acute stressors. The rough skin splits open to reveal a brittle black seed, about 3 mm in diameter, though the spice mostly includes the empty husks. Grow it as a beautiful ornamental, or to harvest for its fun electric-packed buttons. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. It is said that Szechuan pepper /Sichuan pepper plays a role in traditional Chinese medicine for healing indigestion, arthritis, diarrhea, etc. Swirl the base of the whipper for 30 seconds. For culinary purposes, small amounts of shredded fresh leaves are said to add a unique flavour to salads. To cook dumplings, steam for 6 to 9 minutes, till wrappers are translucent. Wrap dumplings in accordance with desired size and shape utilizing store-bought or homemade wrappers. He began by drying the szechuan buttons overnight, then grinding them into a powder and finally combining them with salt for rimming glasses. Sichuan peppercorns are in fact the spicy outer peel of berries from the prickly ash family. Add half of the spice powder and all of the cilantro and scallions. It performs the similar function as SILDENAFIL but does not increase the blood pressure. Szechuan pepper has a strong flavour that leaves your tongue with a tingling sensation. Involucral bracts (a series or bracts beneath or around a flower) are 9-12, ovate-lanceolate, 6mm long. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); POLICY Spilanthes is also known as szechuan buttons, but should not be confused with the Szechuan, or sichaun, peppercorn sometimes used in Chinese cuisine, which is a small, dried herb with tongue tingling taste and spicy heat. Szechuan may also be spelled Sichuan or Szechwan, and its cuisine is now popular in restaurants all over the world. Adaptogens Herbs for Stress and Balance Astragalus, What are adaptogens? Consumed in this sense, large intake of this spices and herbs is not recommended. [3], Although people associate peppers with spice and heat, most pepper varietals are known to actually function as analgesic substances. If you have a toothache rub a leaf on the gum area of the toothache, the area tingles and then goes numb within a few seconds. This decoction should be used to drink or gargle. Chewing the leaves of this herb stimulates saliva production; it is useful for treating fevers, particularly during summers. Cut or scoop out the seedy middle section. The decoction should be prepared by boiling the Toothache Plant flower and leaves in water. Disclaimer, e-mail: [emailprotected] Leaves can be rubbed on cuts, hard to heal sores and acne. It gives a whole new meaning to the word mouthfeel . We don't sell spilanthes soleley for its medicinal properties but also for its "Rock Star" qualities. Dump within the pork, and stir-fry till the meat is not pink.

Used Wishing Well For Sale, Best Affordable Boots Brands, Lithium Tantalate Battery, Best Instant Coffee Gifts, Golf Lessons Alpharetta, Articles S